Educational Psychology

9. Facilitating complex thinking

teacher or initiated by students. We take a closer look at this dimension in the next part of this chapter, followed by
discussion of group-oriented teaching strategies.

Table 24: Major instructional strategies grouped by level of teacher direction and student focus

Directed by student(s) more

Emphasizes groups

somewhat more

Cooperative learning

Inquiry

Discovery learning

Self-reflection

Independent study

Concept maps

Lectures

Direct instruction

Madeline Hunter's

“Effective Teaching”

Mastery learning

Textbook readings

Advance organizers

Outlining

Recalling, relating, and

elaborating

Emphasizes

individuals somewhat

more

Directed by teacher more

Definitions of Terms in Table 8.1

Lecture Telling or explaining previously organized information—usually to a group

Assigned reading Reading, usually individually, of previously organized information

Advance organizers Brief overview, either verbally or graphically, of material about to be covered in a

lecture or text

Outlining Writing important points of a lecture or reading, usually in a hierarchical format

Taking notes Writing important points of a lecture or reading, often organized according to the

learning needs of an individual student

Concept maps Graphic depiction of relationships among a set of concepts, terms, or ideas;

usually organized by the student, but not always

Madeline Hunter’s

“Effective Teaching”

A set of strategies that emphasizes clear presentation of goals, the explanation

and modeling of tasks to students and careful monitoring of students’ progress

toward the goals

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