Educational Psychology

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the parts of a living cell

Caption: The revision to Bloom’s Taxonomy distinguishes between cognitive processes (left-hand column in

the table) and types of knowledge learned (right-hand column). The original version has terms similar to the

cognitive processing terms in the revised version. According to the revised version, any type of knowledge (from

the right-hand column) can, in principle, occur with any type of cognitive processing (left-hand column).

Taxonomies of affective objectives and psychomotor objectives

Although taxonomies related to affect, or the feelings and emotions of students, are used less commonly than
cognitive taxonomies for planning instruction, various educators have constructed them. One of the most widely
known was also published by colleagues of Benjamin Bloom and classifies affect according to how committed a
student feels toward what he is learning (Krathwohl, Bloom, & Masia, 1964/1999). Table 33 summarizes the
categories and gives brief examples. The lowest level, called receiving, simply involves willingness to experience
new knowledge or activities. Higher levels involve embracing or adopting experiences in ways that are increasingly
organized and that represent increasingly stable forms of commitment.

Table 33: Taxonomies of objectives: affective domain and psychomotor domain

Affective domain Psychomotor domain

Receiving Willingness to attend to

particular experience

Imitation Repeating a simple

action that has been

demonstrated

Responding Willingness to

participate actively in an

experience

Manipulation Practice of an action

that has been imitated but

only learned partially

Valuing Perception of

experience as worthwhile

Precision Quick, smooth

execution of an action that

has been practiced

Organization Coordination of valued

experiences into partially

coherent wholes

Articulation Execution of an action

not only with precision, but

also with modifications

appropriate to new

circumstances

Characterization by a Coordination of valued Naturalization Incorporation of an

Educational Psychology 222 A Global Text