operationalised by Simons and Robertson) provides a useful group-level job
performance outcome.
Accordingly, the DSB construct will be used in this research to measure extra
effort at the group level. In this way, including the DSB construct can help to
validate the findings of the study by providing a peer-assessment of job
performance to sit alongside the self-assessment provided by the Job
Performance construct. Details of the scale developed by Simons and Robertson
are discussed in greater detail in Section 5 .4 below.
Of the two remaining articles reviewed by Simons that focused directly on
motivation, neither was particularly robust with regard to articulating the
theoretical grounding for their research designs.
Chitiris (1990) examined levels of work motivation among senior managers in
Greek hospitality organisations and also investigated the influence of a number of
demographic factors had on levels of motivation. The rationale for the focus on
demographic variables is developed from Roberstson and Smith (1985) and
reflects the internal forces from Pinder’s (1984: 8) internal/external definition of
work motivation. Chitiris found that age, education and length of current
employment had a small effect on motivaiton levels.
Upchurch et al. (2000) adopted a needs-based approach to evaluate the
perceived value of non-wage benefits and the importance of a range of internal
and external factors for Russian employees in a five star in St. Petersburg. The
non-wage benefits assessed were those provided by the organisation however no
rationale was provided regarding the selection of the internal and external factors
which were included in the survey. With significant foreign investment in the
Russian hospitality sector at the time, the authors sought to investigate whether
Russian workers had similar work-related needs to those observed in workers of
other nationalities. The study found that wages and other monetary-related
benefits (health care, free meal plans, life assurance and pension plans) were
most significant for motivating the employees of this hotel.
Summary of the core hospitality motivation studies
The review of motivation studies in hospitality settings has revealed a similar
pattern to that found for leadership studies in hospitality settings. Specifically,