leadership and motivation in hospitality

estimates and model fit diagnostics for the current model iteration (CFA 5:7) are
described Table 7 - 26.

Before translating CFA 5:7 into the structural model, a final check to confirm
discriminant validity is made. This reveals that the constructs do not demonstrate
discriminant validity – specifically, the lowest AVE (EM = 0.582) does not exceed
the highest squared correlation estimate of 0.602 (for EPA  EM).

No further modifications are suggested by the range of diagnostic information
(factor loadings, the standardised residual covariance matrix or the modification
indices). The next stage, therefore, is to check and remove any outlier cases
(following the guidelines for using the Malahanobis distance values (D^2 ) provided
by Byrne 2010: 105-106) and then to re-estimate the measurement model to see
if discriminant validity has improved.

Construct Item Standardised factor loading estimates
ML WV EM EPA JP DSB

Motivational
Leadership

ML1 .903

ML2 .954

ML3 .878

Work Values

WV 1 .728

WV4 .761

WV5 .814

WV6 (a)^ .837

Empowerment

EM1 .769
EM3 .718
EM5 .655

Employee Positive
Attitude

JS1 .740

AOC2 .773

ME1 .87 4

ME3 .850

ME6 .803

Job Performance

JP1 .882
JP2 .846
JP4 .451
Discretionary
Service Behaviour

DSB1 .908
DSB2 .714
Average
variance
extracted (AVE)

0.768^ 0.721^ 0.582^ 0.700^ 0.617^ 0.716^

Construct
reliability (CR) 0.908^ 0.911^ 0.806^ 0.921^ 0.818^ 0.833^

Model fit
statistics

χ^2 = 186.157; d.f. = 155; sig = 0.045
RMSEA = 0.031 (0.046; 0.005; pclose = 0.954)
CFI = 0.987
SRMR = 0.0424
CN (0.05) = 211
(a) Item removed in the structural model

Table 7-26 Estimates and model fit for CFA 5:7