The discord, referred to above in Section 3.11.1, between Pittaway et al.’s
paradigms and the tradition of applied hospitality leadership research is
manifested through three specific but interrelated issues.
The first of these relates to the difficulty in making a practical distinction between
hospitality leadership papers which lie in the Existential and Strategic Headship
paradigms. The second issue relates to organisational level of focus: several
studies (see below) demonstrate characteristics of both the Headship paradigms
(executive level focus) and the Situational Leadership paradigm (lower level
focus) and this makes it difficult to locate these within the taxonomy. Thirdly,
because the majority of papers (77 per cent) lie within one domain (Situational
Leadership), a great deal of the variance regarding foci, approaches and methods
within these papers is not brought forth for examination.
Existential and Strategic Headship: Solely executive level
(n=4; 9.1%)
Worsfold (1989); Hinkin and Tracey (1994); Tracey and Hinkin (1994); Chung-
Herrera et al. (2003)
Existential and Strategic Headship: Executive and lower levels
(n=3; 6.8%)
Cichy and Schmidgall (1996); Nicolaides (2006); Shortt (1989)
Influential Leadership (n=3 ; 6.8%)
Erkutlu and Chafra (2006); Borchgrevink and Boster (1997); Brownell (2010)
Situational Leadership (n=34; 77.3%)
(White 1973; Nebel and Stearns 1977; Borchgrevink and Boster 1994; Sparrowe
1994; Tracey and Hinkin 1996; Borchgrevink and Boster 1998; Tracey and Hinkin
1998; Borchgrevink et al. 2001; Testa 2002; El Masry et al. 2004; Testa 2004;
Whitelaw and Morda 2004; Arendt and Gregoire 2005; Brownell 2005; Gill et al.
2006; Marnburg 2007; Yang 2007; Arendt and Gregoire 2008; Brownell 2008; Chiang
and Jang 2008; Erkutlu 2008; Hinkin and Schriesheim 2008; Kozak and Uca 2008;
Scott-Halsell et al. 2008; Tsai 2008; Clark et al. 2009; Patiar and Mia 2009; Testa
2009; Asree et al. 2010; Gill et al. 2010; Kim, B. et al. 2010; Kim, S. et al. 2010;
Wong and Chan 2010; Zopiatis and Constanti 2010)
(total n = 46) Source: author
al.’s framework Figure 3-3 Hospitality leadership studies categorised according to Pittaway et
Pittaway et al.’s framework
Regarding issue one: while reviewing the hospitality leadership papers, it became
apparent that there are no explicit references to the human nature assumptions
which the respective authors have chosen to employ. It has not, therefore, been
possible to categorise individual studies on the human nature dimension; that is,