5 Steps to a 5 AP Chemistry

Experimental

No experimental questions related to this chapter have appeared on the AP exam in recent years.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Be sure not to confuse wavelength and frequency.


2. The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m/s. The exponent is positive.


3. The value of nis never zero.


4. The values of land mlinclude zero.


5. Do not confuse velocity (v) and frequency (n).

Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons  141

z y x z y x z y x

z

x

z y x z y x

z y x z y x z y x

s orbital

(a)

pz orbital px orbital py orbital

(b)

dxz orbital dxy orbital dyz orbital

dz 2 orbital dx (^2) −y 2 orbital
(c)
Figure 10.3 The shapes of the s, p, and d atomic orbitals.
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