5 Steps to a 5 AP Chemistry

ΔG°=ΔH°−TΔS°

=−RTin K=−2.303 RTlog K

=−nFE°

ΔG=ΔG°+RTln Q=ΔG°+2.303 RTlog Q

q=mcΔT

Cp=ΔH/ΔT

Light and Electrons

E=energy ν=frequency l=wavelength

p=momentum v=velocity n=principal quantum number

m=mass E=hν c=lν l=h/mv p=mv

En=(−2.178 × l0−^18 /n^2 )J

Speed of light, c=3.0 × 108 ms−^1

Planck’s constant, h=6.63 × 10 −^34 Js

Solutions

π=osmotic pressure

i=van’t Hoff factor

Kf=molal freezing-point depression constant

Kb=molal boiling-point elevation constant

Kffor water =1.86 K kg mol−^1

Kbfor water =0.512 K kg mol−^1

ΔTf=iKf×molality

ΔTb=iKb×molality

π=MRT

Molarity, M=moles solute per liter solution

Molality, m=moles solute per kilogram solvent

Kinetics

ln[A]t−ln[A]o = −kt

Ea=activation energy

k=rate constant

A=frequency factor

Electrochemistry

I=current (amperes) q=charge (coulombs)

E°=standard reduction potential K=equilibrium constant

Faraday’s constant, F=96,500 coulombs per mole of electrons

EE

RT

nF

QE

cell n

=− ln =

⎛

⎝

⎜

⎞

⎠

⎟ −

⎛

⎝

⎜

⎞

⎠

cell° cell° ⎟

0 0592.

ll o gQat 25 C°

Iqt k

nE

==/

°

log

0 0592.

ln

1

k a ln

E

RT

= A

− ⎛

⎝

⎜

⎞

⎠

⎟+

11

[] [AA

kt

to]

−=

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