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258 K-12 LEADERSHIP PRACTICES

Participants

Students participating in the study were enrolled in a Masters Degree program in education
leadership and administration and brought varying experiences and levels of leadership with
them. The university is located in north Texas where most students were current teachers, and
who also may have been department chairs, campus team leaders, or entry-level school
administrators. Some were retired military personnel who had led troops in battle and trained
troops, pastors who led parishes, former business owners, retail or marketing employees, scout
leaders, coaches, and band or choir directors. Sixty eight percent of the participants in this
study were between 25 and 40 years of age. Most had taught 2–3 years or more. Of the 91
participants, 22 (24.2%) were male, and 69 (75.8%) were female. Since this university is the
largest public university primarily for women in the United States, it would seem reasonable
that the student population represented a large group of women. Additionally, 50% of the
participants were Euro-Caucasian, 25% African/African American, 20% Hispanic/Latina-o,
and 5% were from other ethnic groups.

FINDINGS

Students were asked to submit, on their Data Summary Sheet, their top three ranked
terminal and instrumental values. Analysis of the data from the graduate students (N = 91)
elicited 273 responses (R=273) for terminal values and 273 responses (R = 273) for
instrumental values. Thus, (91 N) x (3 responses per participant) = 273 R for the terminal set
of values and the instrumental value set.
As shown in Table 1, of the 18 possible choices, the top three terminal values mentioned
most by the students included family security (taking care of loved ones), salvation (saved,
eternal life), and health (physical and mental well-being). From a possible 273 responses, these
three values represented 56% of the total possible. All three of the top three terminal values

Table 1. Rokeach Values Survey: Summary of key findings “Terminal Values.”

Top 3 Ranked

Terminal Values

Participants = 91 (N)

Responses = 273 (R)

{91 N x 3 R each = 273 R}

273 R % of R

Individual Participants (N) Ranking

of FS + Sa + He

N % Total N (91)

Family Security (FS) 58 R 21.2% R

Salvation (Sa) 50 R 18.3% R

Health (He) 45 R 16.5% R

Total 153 R 56.0% R

FS + Sa + He 11 12.1% N

FS + Sa 19 20.8% N

FS + He 15 16.5% N

Sa + He 11 12.1% N

FS 5 5.5% N

Sa 8 8.8% N

He 5 5.5% N

Total 74 81.3% N

were held by 12% of the participants. Only two of the top three terminal values were held by
50% of the participants. Only one of the top three values was held by 20% of the participants.
Most notably, 81%, representing 74 students participating in this survey, held family security,