resume their studies which are continued till twilight. Nearly two
hours are then devoted to evening-worship, eating, smoking and
relaxation, and the studies are again resumed and continued till
ten or eleven at night. The evening studies consist of a revision
of the lessons already learned, in order that what the pupils
have read may be impressed more distinctly on the memory.
These studies are frequently pursued, especially by the students
of logic, till two or three o’clock in the morning.
There are three kinds of colleges in Bengal—one in which
chiefly grammar, general literature, and rhetoric, and
occasionally the great mythological poems and law are taught; a
second, in which chiefly law and sometimes the mythological
poems are studied; and third, in which logic is made the
principal object of attention. In all these colleges select works are
read and their meaning explained; but instruction is not
conveyed in the form of lectures. In the first class of colleges, the
pupils repeat assigned lessons from the grammar used in each
college, and the teacher communicates the meaning of the
lessons after they have been committed to memory. In the others
the pupils are divided into classes according to their progress.
The pupils of each class having one or more books before them
seat themselves in the presence of the teacher, when the best
reader of the class reads aloud, and the teacher gives the
meaning as often as asked, and thus they proceed from day to
day till the work is completed. The study of grammar is pursued
during two, three, or six years, and where the work of Panini is
studied, not less than ten, and sometimes twelve, years are
devoted to it. As soon as a student has obtained such a
knowledge of grammar as to be able to read and understand a
poem, a law book, or a work on philosophy, he may commence
this course of reading also, and carry on at the same time the
remainder of his grammar-studies. Those who study law or logic
continue reading either at one college or another for six, eight, or
even ten years. When a person has obtained all the knowledge
possessed by one teacher, he makes some respectful excuse to
his guide and avails himself of the instructions of another. Mr
Ward, from whom many of the preceding details have been
copied estimates that ‘amongst one hundred thousand Brah-
mans, there may be one thousand who learn the grammar of the
Sunskritu, of whom four or five hundred may read some parts of
the kavyu (or poetical literature), and fifty some parts of the
ulunkaru (or rhetorical) shastras. Four hundred of this thousand
may read some of the smriti (or law works); but not more than
ten any part of the tuntrus (or the mystical and magical treatises
of modern Hinduism). Three hundred may