Feb.4] PROCEEDINGS. [1890."all";ga, gal, gur,naSH,"to raiseor lift," gal,mal,pitu, "to
open": kung, "generally, all, altogether, collectively—and, with,
together": andone or two others.
I have alreadypointedout that shu," a multitude, the whole, all,
the people," answers to Accadian shu, "multitude," shiti, "to
count," to which alsoshu, "tocount," belongs. Shu, "a book,
record, document—to write —a clerk, writer,"answers to ^, shu,
dupfarrutu," the office of a dupiar or scribe " (the samesign^ has
also the value g£, iafdru, " to write ").
Chung,Cantonesechung,Amoychiong,Shanghaitsung," a com
panyof at least three—a sign of the plural of persons—much,many,
all— the people, as apart fromtheir rulers,"is an example of the
//-form of gin, " all," goingback probablyto an original dun(din,
dim)or dug (dig). But this brings us to the Accadian J^- Ari dim,
dial,dig (or ding) iurbu"great,"rabfi, "great,"sanaku,"topress
together"(= gin,sandku). For the interchange betweenfinalM (v)
and c, compare nagand nam,"fate,"nigand nin,"who." The
Shanghaiformtsunganswers exactlyto zun, which is the syllabic
valueof the Accadian -^fy,ma'du," much,"a common signof the
plural.
Thecharactercalleddugu,^, has the values dug,g'a, g'i, and
sar. g'a andg'i mean "multitude," "abundance," and Sar is
defined" multitude" (kissatu), " much" (mddu), " perfect" (gitmalu),
"great"(rabu). It is probable thatthe principal sounddug(=dig;
also originally includedthesevalues.
^Ey, dugud, kabtu, "heavy,"appearsto be a compound of
this dig or dug, andgid, ^-,kabtu," heavy," sandku," to press
together"; thusduggid— duggud = dugud, withvocalharmony
and normal neglectof duplication. Thisaccountsfor the Chinese
chung, "heavy," "crowded, near together" (cp. sanaku), which
in the three dialects is pronounced chung (= dug), tiong, and
dzung( — zun). TheAmoytiong, whichis a cognate of tu, tb,
"abundant, full —all, altogether —also, togetherwith,"and of ti in
the phrase ta-tt, "on the whole, generally," and of other terms
(e.g.,fien, "tofill up, complete," tHen, "abundance,"whichpre
supposean ancient tin), may be compared with Accadian til,
gimru,"completeness,all"(=*tin,dim,gin, kin). Thus,in both
languages,we find /-formssideby side with(/-forms,just as we find
Worms side by side with ^-forms. And it is evident fromthe
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