May6] SOCIETYOF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. [1890.of the South and of the North. Whateverthe Sun passedover
or through wasdivided intotwoandgrammaticallytookthe dual
form,as ^vv C3' Xutai tne horizon where the Sun rises or sets,
TS , abtci, the East, ft q , amenta, the West. The'TwoEarths'
=ff=, do not signify Upper and Lower Egypt, but the Earth as
traversedanddividedby the Sun. Theexpressionis a common one
in divine titles. Osiris,bothin his own nameand in that of Ap-uat,
's nx\J? ^^
is y , xerP Pe*i'directorof Heaven,' and Apuat of the South is-y^s,yerptan,'directorof the Earth,'* Thesetwo designations
formthe best commentaryon the Greek expressionof the inscription
of Rosetta, KaOaire/to y\tov, /tc'yas0aai\el'<ttwvT6 uvid xaltwv«ot»
X'"i>uv, "like the Sun, the great king of the regions aboveand
the regions below." jj, lJ^i, sam-tau,"hewhobinds togetherthe
two Earths,"is a well knowntitleof Horus, and the act of this
binding is represented on many royal statues from the earliest
times.f It has nothing to do with the union of Upper andLower
Egypt,nor has the title ■=;.neb lau, ' Lord of the two Earths.'
TheEgyptianking'sclaimto universal sovereignty,as son and
livingimageof the Sun, finds a striking parallelin the title of the
Babylonian and Assyrian monarchs,iarrukibratarbai, 'Kingof
the Four Quartersof the World.'
It was in consequence of the royal claimto sovereignty over
Northand South that various governmentdepartmentsare habitually
spokenof in the dual. Thekingis called ^^,andhis officers are
and so on. Therewas but one departmentin each case, not one
for Upper and another for Lower Egypt.
The divinityof the Kingis however no proof of the priestly
character of Egyptian society. The proof willbe found in the
accuratestudyof all the ancient monuments. Lepsiushadalready
observed|that,fromthe numerous inscriptionsin the tombs near
the pyramids, he could almostdrawup a Court and Official Calendar* Tudt., 142,5, 24, 25. t Denim., II, 116.
J Briefc aus Aegypten, p. 24.
356