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LAURIE LOUISE PATTON (2005)S ́UBHA ̄KARASM:HA (637–735), Indian monk and
missionary, was the founder of the Zhenyan school in China.
S ́ubha ̄karasm:ha (Chin., Shanwuwei) arrived in the Chinese
capital, Chang’an, in 716. A missionary of Va ̄jrayana Bud-
dhism, he was followed in 720 by Vajrabodhi and his disciple
Amoghavajra. The three a ̄ca ̄ryas (“teachers”) established
Zhenyan as the dominant form of Buddhism at the court.
S ́ubha ̄karasm:ha was born a prince in a small royal fami-
ly near Magadha in North India, supposedly a descendant
of S ́a ̄kyamuni’s uncle, Amr:todana. The family migrated to
Orissa, where S ́ubha ̄karasm:ha’s succession to the throne at
age thirteen plunged him into a struggle with his brothers.
Although victorious, S ́ubha ̄karasm:ha’s piety led him to re-
nounce the throne in favor of his elder brother, and he be-
came a monk. He led a life of wandering, seeking out teach-
ers in the “south seas,” and he learned the craft of making
stupas and other castings. Making his way to the monastic
university of Na ̄landa ̄, S ́ubha ̄karasm:ha became a disciple of
Dharmagupta and was initiated into the Vajraya ̄na teachings
of the dha ̄ran: ̄ıs, yoga, and the Three Mysteries. He debated
with heretics and finally was sent by Dharmagupta as a mis-
sionary to China.S ́UBHA ̄KARASM:HA 8803