Organic Waste Recycling

72 Organic waste recycling: technology and management

Table 2.28 Tentative microbiological quality criteria for the aquacultural use of
wastewater and excreta (Mara and Caincross 1989)

Reuse process Viable trematode eggsa
(arithemetic mean number
per liter or kg)

Fecal coliforms (geometric
mean number per 100 mL or
per 100 g)b
Fish culture 0 < 10^4
Aquatic macrophyte
culture

0 < 10^4

aClonorchis, Fasciolopsis, and Schistosoma. Consideration should be given to this guideline only in
endemic area
b This guideline assumes that there is a one log 10 unit reduction in fecal coliforms occurring in the
pond, so that in-pond concentrations are <1,000 per 100 mL. If consideration of pond temperature
and retention time indicates that a higher reduction can be achieved, the guideline may be relaxed
accordingly.

2.6 Cleaner production (CP)

The rapid population growth (Figure 1.1) will place more demand on the
agricultural and agro-industrial sectors (sections 2.2 and 2.3) to produce more
food for human consumption. Accordingly, the extent of agricultural and agro-
industrial practices in this decade will have to expand and becoming more
intensive, resulting in more generation of organic wastes which need to be
properly handled. This section will describe the principles of cleaner production
and their application to achieve waste minimization, pollution control and cost
saving.
Cleaner production (CP) is the continuous application of an integrated
preventive environmental strategy to processes, products and services to increase
overall efficiency. CP can be applied to the processes used in any industry, to
products themselves and to various services to the society. For example, for an
agro-industrial process, CP results from one or a combination of conserving raw
materials, water and energy; eliminating toxic and hazardous raw materials and
reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes at sources during the
production process. For an agro-industrial product, CP aims to reduce the
environmental, health and safety impacts of the products over its entire life cycles,
from raw material extraction, through manufacturing and use, to the ultimate
disposal of the product. For services, CP implies incorporating environmental
concerns into designing and delivering services (UNEP 2001).