index 433bill of exchange, 135, 145
Book of Earnings (al-Shaibànì), 197–205
Book of State Ordinance (al-Màwardì), 233
Book of Wealth (Abù-Ubaid), 206–208
British Mandates, 301
Buddhists, 307
al-Bùkhari, Muhammad Ismàil (d. 870
A.C.), 34
bureau of correspondence, 131–132, 410
bureau of seal, 131, 132, 410
bushel. see wasaq
business governance, 264
Bùwayhìds, 226–227
buyu al-gharar, 409
buyu"al-ghrar, 409
Byzantines
allies of the Ghassànids, 17, 411
Islamic conquest, 102, 128–129
pre-Islamic power struggle, 6, 13–14
Cairo. see also Old Cairo, 354
Cairo University, 354
caliphate. see also Abbasìùd caliphate;
Fatimid caliphate; Ottoman Empire;
Rightly-Guided Caliphate; Umayyad
caliphate
al-Màwardìon, 236
change in perception of, 156–157
debate over, 93–94
decline of, 222–223
legitimacy of, 164–165
reinstation of, 230
transferral to hereditary system,
126–127
caliphs. seeAbù-Bakr (1st Caliph); Ali
ibn Abi Tàlib (4th Caliph);
Mu"awiyah I; Umar I (2nd Caliph);
Umar II ibn Abel-Azìz; Uthmàn
(3rd Caliph)
call to prayer, 101
Calvin, John, 52, 53
canals. see also irrigation, 114, 115,
137, 138
Cape of Good Hope, 299
capital. see also equity capital; loan
capital, 47–48, 64, 108
capitalism, 6, 393–394, 395–396
caravans, 4, 14, 15, 19, 21–23
cattle, 138
Central Arabia, 3–4, 18–21, 30
central auditing office. see also Dìwàn-
al-zimam, 132, 261
charity. see gifts, 7, 28, 43, 69, 75
cheque, 135
Christian faith
the church in, 135
divinely inspired religion, 30
legitimacy of interest, 52
in pre-Islamic Arabia, 13, 17, 21
Christians
under Akbar I, 307
exemption from ushùr, 112, 177
missionaries, 292
raiding neighbouring tribes, 8–9
civil sector, 123–124
civil unrest, 107–108
civil war (656–661 A.C.), 120, 164,
209–210
civil war (at end of Harùn al-Rashìd’s
reign), 128, 228
civilization, concept of, 275
clanism, 7–8
class distinction, 105
classification
basic needs, 239–240
caliph Ali and, 122
al-Dìmashqìand, 255–256
of economic resources, 45
al-Ghazàlìand, 250
and hiring-out, 200
and leasing, 195
Plato and, 124
al-Ràghib al-A›fahànìand, 239–240
al-Shaibànìand, 200–201
of wealth, 255–256
clergy, 145, 150
coinage. see also gold; silver, 134, 387
collective ownership, 375
collectivization, 374–375
commenda contracts. see mudharabah
commerce. seetrade
commodity Ribà. see Ribàal-Buyù"
competition, 60
in Islamic banking, 337, 403–404, 405
maritime, 14
in spice trade, 299
state, 276
Confusion, Age of Ignorance and. see
Jahiliyyah
conquered land
as economic resource, 80, 110
ownership of, 59, 103, 104, 118,
137–138
Umar I and, 104–106, 137–138
consensus of opinion. see ijma"
Constantinople, 128, 286
Constantius, Emperor, 13