maximization, 44, 253, 259, 370
Means of Glorious Sharì"ah(al-Ràghib
al-A›fahànì), 238–244
Mecca. seeMakkah
Medenites, 31
Medìnah, 31–32, 95, 115, 127, 135,
414
mercantilistic school, 125
merchants, 140–142
Mineans, 12, 414
mineral produce, tax on, 190
mineral resources, 59
minimum wages, 47
mining, 59
Mir Dimad (d. 1631 A.C.), 304–305
miserliness, 68
missionaries, 13, 292
mithaq, 213
Mixed-Court, 300
moderation
consumer behaviour, 67–71
as consumption level, 199
principle of, 6, 37, 40–41, 44
modernisation. see also secularisation;
westernisation, 316–319, 320–325,
326–327
monasteries, 47
Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam
(1978 & 1981), 365, 368
monetary union, 383
money. see also coinage; gold; silver
al-Ghazàlìon, 248–249
Ja"afer al-Dìmashqìon, 257
policies concerning, 369–370
al-Ràghib al-A›fahànìon, 244
reforms concerning, 134–135
in trade transactions, 54–55
transport of, 144
value of, 248, 370, 384
Mongol Empire
during Akbar I, 305–307
capture of Baghdad, 128
conquest by, 128, 230, 284, 285
during Shah Aurengzebe, 308
and Shah Wal-allah, 308–314
monopoly, 81, 271
Moorish Aristotelians, 273
moral philosophy, 238–244
Morocco, 317–318
mu"allaqat, 20
Mu"awiyah I ibn Abi-Sufyan
establishment of Dìwàn-al-khàtim, 132
and feudalism, 147
struggle with Ali 4th Caliph, 121
system of renting Sawàfìland, 118
transferral to hereditary caliphate, 126
Mu"aûibn-Jabal, 35, 166
al-mubaûûirìn, 61
mudhàrabahpartnership. see also profit
loss sharing (PTC)
characteristics of, 143–144
definition of, 414
legitimization under Islam, 26
in modern banking, 404
in pre-Islamic Arabia, 22, 26
mufàwadah partnership, 142–143, 414
Muœammad, The Prophet. see also
Sunnah
on administration, 31
death of, 93–94
defeats Makkahns, 31
friendship with Abù-Bakr, 95
on granting lands, 187
on legal matters, 166
on tax, 186
and trade journeys, 23
and unification of Arabia, 134
Muœammad Abdou (d. 1905 A.C.),
320–323
Muœammad Ahmed al-Mahdì(d. 1885
A.C.), 318–319
Muœammad Ali, Pasha (d. 1848 A.C.),
293–294
Muœammad ibn-Sama"ah, 198
Muœammad II “the Conqueror”, 129
Muœammad al-Muhibbi (d. 1699
A.C.), 289
al-Muœàsibì, Abdullah Allah al-Œàrith
ibn Asad (d. 857 A.C.), 214–221
al-Muœtasib
assistants of, 266
definition of, 261
duties of, 266–268
Ibn al-Ukhùwwah on, 264–268
and ijtihad, 264–265
level of authority of, 265–266
and price fixing, 266
mujtahid, 414
Mulla Sadra Shiràzi, Sadr al-Dìn
(d. 1640 A.C.), 304–305
Mumlùk dynasty, 284, 286, 294,
319–320
mùnkar, 260, 268, 412
al-Mùqaddimah(Ibn Khaldùn), 274–283
muqàradah. see mudhàrabahpartnership
muqàsamah
definition of, 414
economic implications of, 183–184index 441