and saving, 69
social caring, 67, 73, 379
spice trade, 12, 299, 411, 415
spoils of war. see Anfàl; Fai"; Khums
The Spring, 3
stamp duties, 153
state administration
arabicisation of, 133–134
of caliph Umar I, 115–116
establishment of state bureaus, 131–133
maladministration of, 298–299
of Zakàh, 190–192
state entrepreneurship, 149, 276–277
state intervention
market forces and, 83, 269–273, 375
production and, 272–273
state registration. see Dìwàn
state revenue
expenditure of, 114–116, 118
increase in, 158–159
non-tax based, 84–87, 145–149
tax based, 110–114, 149–153
statutory ownership, 397–398
stewardship, concept of. seeownership
by trusteeship
stipends, 109, 114, 116
stock market, 266, 383
subsistence, 198–199
success, concept of, 377
Sudan, 87, 318–319, 363–364
Suez Canal, 299, 301
flùfìsm
and asceticism, 210
definition of, 417
development of, 208–214
as economic model, 213–214
etymological origin, 209–210
al-Ghazàlìand, 245
Muœammad Iqbal on, 324
al-Muœàsibìon, 212, 216–220
and the Sanusiyyah Movement, 318
Shah Wal-allah on, 308–309
al-Shaibànìon, 204, 214
suftajah. see also œawàlah, 144, 412, 417
Sufyan al-Thawri (d. 778), 211
Sùk Ukaz, 20
sukùk, 135, 144, 417
sulœ-el-kull, 306
flulňn, 227, 233
flul≈ànSalim, 286–287, 302
Sunan Abi-Dawood (Abù-Dawood), 35
Sunan ibn Màjah (Ibn Màjah), 35
Sunan al-Nasà"i (al-Nasà"i), 35
Sunnah
on agriculture, 137
definition of, 417
on discrimination, 74–75
as foundation for economic thought,
89–90
importance to secular issues, 36
on information flow, 82
on labour, 46–47
on land ownership, 137
on moderation, 41
on monopoly, 81
as part of the Sharì"ah, 33–35
on pricing, 82
on private ownership, 57–58
on public ownership, 58
on Ribàal-Buyù", 53–55
on Ribàal-Qur"àn, 51–52
on spending on charity, 69
on Zakàh, 76
Sunnis, 165, 287, 302, 306
Sùltanate rules, 234–235
Syria. see also Greater Syria
and Islamic conquest, 98, 102
Muslim soldiers in, 104
pre-Islamic, 16
ruled by government in Egypt, 228,
293
westernisation of, 293
al-Tabaqàt al-Kubra (Abd-al-Wahhàb), 289
Tableau economique (Quesnay), 204
tabûìr, 41–42, 70, 418
tadlìs al-"aib, 418
Tadmor. seePalmyra
Tadmur. seePalmyra
̨aha Œusayn (d. 1973 A.C.), 326–327
Tahirids, 225
tajdid, 292
takàful, 418
tanàjush, 418
Tawhìd, 37–38, 373, 418
Tawhìd-e ilahi, 307
ta"wìdh, 418
tax. see also fishery tax; inheritance tax;
jizyah; Kharàj; market tax; stamp
duties; taxation; ushùr; Zakàh, 161,
189–190
taxation. see also tax
20th century researchers on, 368–369
20th century writing on, 357–361
during Abbàsid caliphate, 153,
158–161
at the birth of the Islamic state, 87–89
fairness in, 176, 192
four emphases of, 192
in Kitàb al-Kharàj Abù-Yùsuf, 176–185index 447