definition of, 177, 418
as proposed by Abù-Yùsuf, 185–190
and revived land, 189
tax rates for, 185
ushùr (custom duties)
Abù-Yùsuf on, 193
on animals, 193
characteristics of, 112–113
definition of, 418
expenditure of, 114
introduction of, 112
usury. seeinterest
Uthmàn ibn Affàn (3rd Caliph)
(d. 656 A.C.)
accuses of nepotism, 117, 118, 147
compiling Qur"àn, 33
and death of Mùhammad, 94
and Sawàfìland, 147–148
traits of, 116, 119
and Zakàh, 76
utility, law of diminishing, 200
Valley of Makkah, 2–3
value, concept of, 280–281, 395
Venetians, 300
vicegerency, concept of. see alsoownership
by trusteeship, 38, 39–40, 44, 240
wadìah yad dhamanah, 418
wàdies, 4
wages, minimum, 47
Wahhàbiyyah Movement, 316–317
wakalah, 418
Wali-Allah, Shah (d. 1762)
on constitution, 311–314
on decentralization, 311
establishment of independent state, 317
Hujjat Allah al-Bàlighah, 310
religio-political philosophy of,
309–310
and flùfìsm, 307
al-Walìd ibn-Abd al-Màlik (d. 715
A.C.), 133, 149
waqf, 296
war spoils. seeGhanìmah; Khums
wara", 221
wasaq, 182–183
wasat, 412
wastage, 42–43, 70
water, public ownership of, 58
wealth
Abù-Ubaid on, 206–208
desertion of, 212
distribution of, 105–106, 399
al-Ghazàlìon, 253
Ja"afer al-Dìmashqìon, 254–256,
259–260
private ownership, 56–57
redistribution of, 9, 28, 43–44,
73–74, 108–110
and saving, 71
sources of, 255–256
and Zakàh, 71–72, 77
Western occupation, 291, 301, 318,
319, 323, 328
westernisation
alternative to, 319
and decline of Arabic, 290–291
of economy, 52
in Egypt, 294
of government, 326
in Lebanon, 293
work motivation, 243
working conditions, 47
World Muslim League, 352–353
worship, rules of, 36
Yahya ibn-Adam al-Qurashi (d. 818
A.C.), 170
Yarmùk, Battle of, 17, 411
Yathrib. see also Medìnah, 5, 19–20, 21
Yazid I ibn Mu"awiyah (d. 683), 127
al-Yemen. seeSouth Arabia
Yemen Arab Republic, 87
Yemenites, 17
Yùsuf Sim’an al-Sim"ani (d. 1768
A.C.), 289
al-Zabidi, Al-Sayyid Murtada, 289
Zakàh
20th century writing on, 356–365
Abù-Saud on, 359–360
Abù-Yùsuf on, 190–192
administration of, 191, 361–363
on animals, 191
characteristics of, 76–77
conferences on, 361–362
distribution of, 192, 362
al-Fangari on, 358–359
historic background, 76
and Islamic converts, 161
and mineral resources, 59, 190
modern relevance of, 87
modifications by Umar I, 113
as one of the Pillars of Islam, 71, 412
as part of state revenue, 84index 449