A Short History of China and Southeast Asia

10. On Islamic worldview, see Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World,
    Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1984.

Chapter 5 Sea power, tribute and trade

1. Wu Chi-hua, ‘Basic foreign-policy attitudes of the early Ming
   dynasty’, Ming Studies, vol. 12, Spring 1981, p. 67.


2. ibid, p. 66.


3. Wang Gungwu, ‘Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A
   Background Essay’ in The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s
   Foreign Relations, ed. John King Fairbank, Harvard University
   Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1968, pp. 48–9.


4. ibid, p. 49.


5. ibid, p. 70.


6. Anthony Reid, Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia,
   Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2000, p. 66; and
   Promboon Suebsang, ‘Sino–Siamese Tributary Relations,
   1282–1853’, PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 1971.


7. Geoff Wade, ‘Chinese imperial expansion during the early Ming:
   two examples’, paper presented to the International Convention
   of Asian Scholars, Noordwijkerhout, 25–28 June 1998, p. 3.


8. Cf. Wang Gungwu, ‘Early Ming relations’, p. 49.


9. The full list of twenty reasons is given in Wang Gungwu. ‘China
   and South-East Asia 1402–1424’ in Studies in the Social History of
   China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Purcell, eds
   Jerome Ch’en and Nicholas Tarling, Cambridge University Press,
   Cambridge, 1970, pp. 381–2.


10. For a Vietnamese account, see Le Thanh Khoi, Histoire du
    Vietnam: des origines à 1858, Sudestasie, Paris, 1981, pp. 199–202.


11. Wade, ‘Chinese Imperial expansion’, p. 14.


12. The account that follows is drawn from J. V. G. Mills, ‘Introduc-
    tion’ to Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan: ‘The Overall Survey of

A Short History of China and Southeast Asia