Japanese victory of the 20th century—a century that saw
first the rise of Japanese militarism, then the fighting of
the Second World War.
References: Peattie, Mark, “Nogi Maresuke,” in Kodan-
sha Encyclopedia of Japan, 10 vols. (Tokyo, Japan: Ko-
dansha, 1983), VI:31; Frédéric, Louis, “Nogi Kiten,”
in Japan Encyclopedia (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press, 2002), 723; Scherer,
James A. B., Three Meiji Leaders: Ito, Togo, Nogi (Tokyo:
The Hokuseido Press, 1936); “Nogi, Maresuke,” in Com-
mand: From Alexander the Great to Zhukov—The Greatest
Commanders of World History, edited by James Lucas (Lon-
don: Bloomsbury Publishing, 1988), 127–128; Hackett,
R. F., Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan,
1838–1922 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1971); Eastlake, F. Warrington, and Yamada Yoshi-
aki, Heroic Japan: A History of the War between China &
Japan (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1897); “Stoessel,
After Long Conference, Surrenders City; Articles of Port
Arthur’s Capitulation Signed at 4:30 O’Clock Yesterday
Afternoon,” The New York Times, 3 January 1905, 1.
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second duke of
(first earl of Surrey, Earl Marshal) (1443–1524)
English nobleman
Born in 1443, Thomas Howard was the son of Sir John
Howard, the first duke of Norfolk, and related to Sir
William Howard, a lawyer who was named chief jus-
tice of the Court of Common Pleas by King edWard
i. His father was a supporter of the House of York and
fought on their side during the Wars of the Roses, see-
ing action at Towton (1461) and Barnet (1471). Because
of his father’s ties to the English royal family, Thomas
Howard shared in their fortunes. At Bosworth (22 Au-
gust 1485), Sir John Howard, in command of the king’s
forces, was killed along with King richard iii. Thomas
Howard, then the earl of Surrey, was captured by the
forces of Henry Tudor, who marched on London and
was crowned as Henry VII.
Howard remained in captivity until January 1489,
when he was released and given back his title of earl of
Surrey, but his father’s title of duke of Norfolk was re-
fused him. However, Henry VII realized that he needed
a strong commander to fight the Scots, and he turned
to Howard, who fought the Scots to a bitter draw. To
help ensure peace, Howard urged the marriage between
Henry’s daughter Margaret and James IV, the king of
Scotland. When Henry went to France to fight, he left
Howard in charge of his kingdom. However, during the
king’s absence, James IV invaded England. Howard put
together an army and rushed north to stem the incur-
sion. In September 1513 at Flodden Field, Northum-
berland, his forces completely routed the Scots, killing
James along with some 10,000 of his men. Henry, im-
pressed with Howard’s services, reinstated his title of
duke of Norfolk as well as his lands, and named him as
Lord High Admiral of England.
Although he had served as Henry’s primary com-
mander, Norfolk spent the remaining years peacefully,
although he ended a revolt by apprentices in London in- In 1522, Henry named him England’s ambassador
to the Holy Roman Empire. He died two years later in
the castle of Framlingham in Norfolk at the age of 80.
References: “Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of,”
in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., 24 vols. (London:
Encyclopaedia Britannica Co., 1929), 488–489; “How-
ard, Thomas II,” in The Concise Dictionary of National
Biography, 3 vols. (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press,
1992), II:1497; Tucker, Melvin J., The Life of Thomas
Howard, Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk, 1443–
1524 (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1964).Nottingham, Charles Howard, first earl of See
hoWard, charles, second baron hoWard of
effingham and first earl of nottingham.Nur-ad-Din (Nurredin, Nouraddin, Nur-ed-Din)
(1117/1118–1174) Islamic military commander
Nur-ad-Din—also known as Nurredin, Nouraddin, or
Nur-ed-Din—was born in either 1117 or 1118, the sec-
ond son of Zangi, the atabeg (provincial emir or gov-
ernor) of Aleppo and Mosul Province (now in modern
Syria and Iraq). Nur-ad-din’s name is loosely translated
in English to mean “Light of the Religion.” He suc-
ceeded his father as the ruler of Syria in 1145.
It was the taking of Edessa (to the east, in today’s
Kurdistan) in 1144 by Zangi that began the Second noRFolk, thomAS howARD, SeconD Duke oF