1988 Hiroshi Sugimoto: Movie Dioramas, Theaters, Sea-
scapes; Sonnabend Gallery; New York, New York, and
Sagacho Exhibit Space and Tokyo Zeito Photo Salon,
Tokyo, Japan
1989 Hiroshi Sugimoto: Dioramas, Theaters, Seascapes; The
National Museum of Contemporary Art; Osaka, Japan
1994 Hiroshi Sugimoto; Museum of Contemporary Art; Los
Angeles, California and traveling
1995 Hiroshi Sugimoto: Se ́ries Photographiques; Centre
international d’art contemporain de Montre ́al; Mon-
tre ́al, Canada and traveling
1995 Sugimoto; The Metropolitan Museum of Art; New
York, New York and traveling
1998 Sugimoto; Sala de Exposiciones de la Fundacion ‘‘la
Caixa’’; Madrid, Spain and traveling
2000 Hiroshi Sugimoto: The Architecture Series; San Fran-
cisco Museum of Modern Art; San Francisco, California
2000 Sugimoto Portraits; Deutsche Guggenheim Berlin, Berlin,
Germany; Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain;
Guggenheim Museum SoHo, New York, New York
2002 Hiroshi Sugimoto: Architecture of Time; Kunsthaus
Bregenz; Bregenz, Austria, and traveling
Group Exhibitions
1982 20th Century Photographs from The Museum of Mod-
ern Art; The Seibu Museum; Tokyo, Japan
1985 The Art of Memory/The Loss of History; The New
Museum; New York, New York
1987 Contemporary Japanese Art in America; Japan Society;
New York, New York
1990 Japanische Kunst der 80er Jahre; Frankfurter Kunst-
verein; Frankfurt am Main, Germany and traveling
1991 Carnegie International 1991; Carnegie Museum of Art;
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1993 Multiple Images: Photographs Since 1965 from the Col-
lection; Museum of Modern Art; New York, New York
1994 Japanese Art After 1945: Scream Against the Sky;
Yokohama Museum of Art; Yokohama, Japan; Guggen-
heim Museum SoHo, New York, New York; San Fran-
cisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California
1996 10th Bienale of Sydney; Sydney, Australia
Hall of Mirrors: Art and Film Since 1945; Museum of
Contemporary Art; Los Angeles and traveling
1999 Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Cen-
tury; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smith-
sonian Institution; Washington, D.C., and traveling
2000 Small World: Dioramas in Contemporary Art;
Museum of Contemporary Art; La Jolla, California
and travelingSelected Works
U.A. Walker, New York, 1978
Mirtoan Sea, Sou ́nion, 1990
Cambrian Period, 1992
Hall of Thirty-Three Bays, 1995
World Trade Center–Minoru Yamasaki, 1997
The Music Lesson, 1999
Fidel Castro, 1999
In Praise of Shadows, 1999Further Reading
Yau, John. ‘‘Hiroshi Sugimoto: No Such Thing as Time.’’
Artforum22, 8 (April 1984): 48–52.
Brougher, Kerry.Hiroshi Sugimoto: Seascapes. Santa Mon-
ica: RAM Publications, 1994.
Sugimoto, Hiroshi.Hiroshi Sugimoto: Time Exposed. New
York: Thames and Hudson, 1995.
Bryson, Norman. ‘‘Hiroshi Sugimoto’s Metabolic Pho-
tography.’’Parkett46 (May 1996): 120–23.
Koch, Polly, ed.Sugimoto. Houston and Tokyo: Contem-
porary Arts Museum and Hara Museum of Contempor-
ary Art, 1996.
Sugimoto, Hiroshi.Sugimoto. New York: Fotofolio, 1999.
Bashkoff, Tracey, and Nancy Spector, eds.Sugimoto Por-
traits. New York: Guggenheim Museum, 2000.
Schneider, Eckhard, ed.Hiroshi Sugimoto: Architecture of
Time. Bregenz, Austria: Kunsthaus Bregenz, 2002.
Sugimoto, Hiroshi, Francesco Bonami, Marco De Michelis,
and John Yau. Sugimoto: Architecture. Chicago:
Museum of Contemporary Art and New York: Distrib-
uted Art Publishers, 2003.SURREALISM
Surrealism was an international intellectual move-
ment centered in Paris between the wars. Initially a
literary movement, Surrealism gave voice to a per-
ceived crisis in Western civilization in the wake of
World War I and proposed an alternative rooted in
the revolutionary theories of Karl Marx and Sig-
mund Freud. Following Freud’s descriptions of
consciousness and the structures of the mind, sur-
realists believed that only through illogical, auto-
matic creative processes could the true reality of the
unconscious be tapped.
At the center of their approach, first in literature
and then in the visual arts, was the concept of auto-
matism. The relinquishing of unconscious controlSURREALISM