1998 Premises; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum; New
York, New York
1999 Museum as Muse; Museum of Modern Art; New
York, New York
2000 L’empire du temps. Mythes et cre ́ation; Muse ́edu
Louvre; Paris, France
2001 CTRL [Space]: Rhetorics of Surveillance from Ben-
tham to Big Brother; ZKM; Karlsruhe, Germany
2003 The Furtive Gaze; Museum of Contemporary Photo-
graphy, Columbia College; Chicago, Illinois
Selected Works
The Sleepers, 1979
Venetian Suite, 1980
The Hotel, 1981
The Address Book,1983
The Blind, 1986
Last Seen, 1991
No Sex Last Night, 1992
Memories of East Berlin, 1996
Exquisite Pain, 1984–2003
Unfinished, 2003Further Reading
Calle, Sophie.M’as-tu vue. Munich: Prestel, 2003.
———.Doubles-Jeux. Arles: Actes Sud, 1998.
Sophie Calle. Hannover: Sprengel Museum, 2002.CAMERA: 35 MM
The 35-mm format is the most popular film and
camera format today. Contributing to its popular-
ity are its small compact size and ease of use. At the
end of the twentieth century, over 90% of house-
holds in the United States owned one or more
cameras, most of these 35-mm format. 35-mm
film is inexpensive and widely available, as is pro-
cessing of this versatile film format.
A 35-mm film camera can be one of two types:
a rangefinder or a single-lens reflex. Many of to-
day’s popular ‘‘point–and-shoot’’ and one-time
use cameras use 35-mm film. The term 35-mm di-
rectly relates to the film size; the resulting images
on film are 35-mm in the longest dimension. 35-
mm film is a roll film, meaning it comes in a
light-tight canister containing several feet of unex-
posed film.
A 35-mm camera is typically composed of three
main parts: a light-tight body, which also houses
the light meter and shutter, a lens, and a viewfin-
der. In a rangefinder-type 35-mm camera, the view-
finder is located in the top corner of the camera,
independent of the photographic lens. Rangefinder
35-mm cameras, also known as point-and-shoot
cameras, typically have automatic features, such as
automatic film loading, auto-advancing, automatic
exposure, and built-in flash that fires when needed
to boost exposure. Other features often found on
this type of camera are zoom lenses, date/time
imprinting, and advanced flash features such as
fill-flash and red-eye reduction. Point-and-shoot
cameras have evolved to a camera that is extremely
portable, easy to use, and relatively inexpensive.
The second type of 35-mm camera, the single-
lens-reflex (SLR), has an incorporated viewfinder.
The camera lens is both the viewfinder lens and
the lens that is used to photograph with. The
image enters the lens, and is reflected off of a
mirror up to the viewfinder. The viewfinder of
an SLR is composed of several mirrors and prisms
to brighten the image and display it in proper
orientation to the subject. When the shutter but-
ton is depressed, the mirror swings out of the way,
temporarily blocking the view through the view-
finder, and allows the image to travel back to the
film plane.
35-mm SLRs have the advantage over point-
and-shoot cameras in that they allow for inter-
changeable lenses. The lens is modular, allowing
the photographer to choose a specific lens accord-
ing to his or her needs. SLRs also typically allow
for a greater level of control over exposure and
metering. For these reasons, 35-mm SLR cameras
are the format of choice for many professional
photographers, such as photojournalists and com-
mercial photographers.Camera Components
Body
The camera body is simply a light tight box that
houses the film. Inside the camera body is the filmCALLE, SOPHIE