stone in the evolution of mass photography. How-
ever, Eastman was determined to make the camera
even more convenient and introduced the Brownie
in 1900 which sold for $1.00 and consisted of sepa-
rate removable containers.
Eastman, moreover, sought to bring amateur
photography to the world market. The first sales
office of Kodak cameras had opened in London
five years after the establishment of the Eastman
Dry Plate and Film Company. Amateur photogra-
phy began to flourish world wide, and in 1889 the
Eastman Photographic Materials Company, Lim-
ited, was incorporated in London and became the
main distributor of Kodak products to countries
outside of the United States. Two years later, in
1891, the Eastman Kodak Company constructed a
factory in Harrow, England, that was second to
Rochester in the manufacture and development of
camera film. The word ‘‘Kodak’’ was shown in an
electric sign in London’s Trafalgar Square in 1897,
in one of the first uses of such signs for advertising.
Kodak rented booths at the great world exposi-
tions so popular around the turn of the twentieth
century, and developed the trademark ‘‘Kodak
Girl,’’ whose clothing styles changed every year
along with the camera she carried. By 1900, addi-
tional distribution centers appeared throughout
Europe, in countries such as France, Germany,
and Italy.
The entrepreneurial discoveries of George East-
man had a big influence in the invention of the
motion picture. After the first transparent roll of
film was introduced to the commercial market in
1889, Thomas Edison created the first motion pic-
ture camera in 1891. According to Eastman Kodak,
all Oscar-winning ‘‘Best Pictures’’ have been shot
on Kodak film. Additionally, the company has won
a total of eight Academy Awards in the areas of
scientific and technical excellence. In 1929, when
Eastman Kodak discovered a way to create film
that could record sound, the silent movie that had
dominated much of popular culture during the
early twentieth century immediately became an arti-
fact of history.
The Kodak, despite its emphasis on consumer
photography, also became a center for scientific pho-
tography inventions. X-rays were first isolated by
William Roentgen in 1895; by the next year, Kodak
designed paper that would capture X-ray images,
revolutionizingmedicine.TheEastmanKodak Com-
pany was one of the first to set up an industrial
research center in the United States, hiring scientists
as early as 1912.
The vast technological advancements made by
the Eastman Kodak Company did not occur with-
out incident. In 1921, the U.S. government charged
that Kodak was a monopoly that controlled the sale
of cameras and photographic supplies. As a result
Kodak was required to sell all film as ‘‘Kodak’’
through retail outlets that had previously used dif-
ferent brand names. Later in 1954, Eastman Kodak
was charged with bundling the sale of its own film
with its photofinishing services, thereby prohibiting
the growth of independent photographic labora-
tories. However, because Kodak no longer main-
tained an unfair dominance within the exchange of
photographic services, the U.S. District Court of
Appeals terminated both the 1921 and 1954 decrees
in August 1994.
During much of the 1950s, color photography
dominated the mass media and later experienced a
surge in demand from the amateur and commercial
markets. Kodak’s earliest form of color film,
known as Kodachrome, initially appeared in 1930
and consisted of a color-reversal film that was
produced in the form of 35 mm slides, which could
be viewed through projection. In 1941, Kodak’s
Minicolor Print allowed paper prints to be made
from these transparencies. A color-negative film,
called Kodacolor, was introduced in 1942, and by
the latter half of 1955, the color print process was
simplified with the invention of Ektacolor paper,
also known as ‘‘Type C.’’ Color prints previously
involved a lengthy three-step process, but this new
advancement reduced the production of color
prints to 45 minutes.
However, in addition to the commercial and ama-
teur markets, the Eastman Kodak Company has
also made exceptional contributions to the areas of
medicine, science, and technology. After William
Roentgen isolated the X-ray in 1895, Kodak de-
signed a particular kind of paper in 1896 that
was devised to capture the X-ray image. As the
atomic bomb was developed during World War II,
Kodak introduced films that detected radiation ex-
posure. Kodakalsobroughtthefirstmicrofilmto the
market in 1928, used primarily by the government,
insurance agencies, libraries, and transportation
agencies. Kodak was also a leader in space pho-
tography. In the 1960s, NASA launched five Lunar
Orbiter spacecraft that used Kodak film to photo-
graph the moon’s surface. As the first American to
orbit the moon, John Glenn’s reactions were also
documented with Kodak film as he traveled through
space at 17,400 miles per hour. Beyond medicine and
science, Kodak developed new display technology in
the late 1980s called Organic Light Emitting Diode
(OLED) that contained self-luminous pixels. OLED
technology appears in everyday utilities such as digi-
tal cameras and mobile phones. Currently the East-EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY