120 Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofi t Organizations
they are concerned about people or desire personal growth or external
recognition (Cnaan & Goldberg - Glenn, 1991; Dailey, 1986; Fisher &
Cole, 1993; Pearce, 1993).
There is no one reason that individuals volunteer. What motivates
one volunteer may not motivate others. Therefore, the volunteer experience
should attempt to provide both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards by promot-
ing satisfying and interesting opportunities and some form of external
recognition.Barriers to Volunteer Recruitment
Research on volunteering has found these barriers: lack of resources such as
time, money, information, or skills; lack of opportunities; lack of personal
interest; lack of transportation; not knowing how to become involved; no
one asked; inadequate volunteer management; not understanding how vol-
unteering can help them personally; lack of child care; low self - esteem or
confi dence in skills; and cultural or language barriers (Points of Light Foun-
dation, 2000; Sundeen, Raskoff, & Garcia, 2007). Other barriers are having
a disability; possessing a criminal record; the exclusion of lesbians, gays, and
bisexuals; ethnic minority status; refugee status; and age (Gosport Volun-
teer Centre, 2004).
Other studies address the role of social anxiety in volunteering,
noting that individuals with a fear of new social situations are more
likely to make a donation than volunteer their time. When they do
volunteer, they are more comfortable engaging in volunteer activities
as part of a group such as a church, school, workplace, or family (Handy
& Cnaan, 2007).Recruitment
Volunteers are individuals who donate their time, efforts, and experience
to an organization without receiving money or in - kind payment (Brudney,
1990). Consequently, there is a lot of competition among public and non-
profi t agencies for these people. Unlike paid staff, who typically initiate the
employment process themselves, volunteers need to be recruited. Com-
munication is the key to fi nding volunteers. People need to know that the
agency is looking for and receptive to volunteers. Word - of - mouth referrals