206 Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofi t Organizations
Emotional Intelligence
Daniel Goleman (1995, 1998) defi nes emotional intelligence as being able to
motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustration, control impulses and
delay gratifi cation, regulate one ’ s moods, and keep distress from swamp-
ing the ability to think, empathize, and hope. He suggests that the focus
on logical - mathematical intelligence has neglected an important set of
skills and abilities, such as how an individual interacts with people and
emotions.Social Intelligence
Social intelligence is defi ned by Albrecht (2005) as the ability to get along
well with others while winning their cooperation. It is a combination of
sensitivity to the needs and interests of others, an attitude of generosity
and consideration, and a set of practical skills for interacting successfully
with people in any setting. Goleman (2006) suggests that social intelli-
gence is made up of social awareness and social facility. Social awareness
encompasses empathy, attunement, empathic accuracy, and social cogni-
tion. Social facility includes synchrony, self - presentation, infl uence, and
concern.Personality Measures
A meta - analysis investigating the relationship of the “ big fi ve ” personality
dimensions: extroversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientious-
ness, and openness to experience found personality measures to be predic-
tors for some occupations (Barrick & Mount, 1991; Barrick, Mount, &
Judge, 2001).Citizenship Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Employees may engage in activities that are not directly related to their
main task functions but nonetheless are important for organizational effec-
tiveness because they support the organizational, social, and psychological
context important for task activities and processes (Borman & Motowidlo,
1993; Borman, Penner, Allen, & Motowidlo, 2001; Organ, 1988; Podsakoff,
MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000; Smith, Organ, & Near, 1983; Organ,
Podsakoff, & MacKenzie, 2006).