Each of the services has incorporated policies re-
garding ecosystem management and biodiversity con-
servation into their natural resources directives. Land
managers are beginning to incorporate the ideas and
financial incentives of “ecosystem services” into their
approaches in order to capitalize on the value of habi-
tats and natural resources under their management
(USAEPI 2007a).
Integrated Cultural Resources Management
A related aspect of ecosystem and natural resourc-
es management on military lands has been the imple-
mentation of programs to manage cultural resources,
including pre-historic, historic and cultural artifacts,
sites and buildings. In parallel to the rise of federal en-
vironmental laws, the past several decades have seen
wide ranging legislation related to cultural resources,
including the National Historic Preservation Act, the
Archeological Resources Protection Act, the American
Indian Religious Freedom Act, and the Native Ameri-
can Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Contained within U.S. installations and their as-
sociated military lands are more than 160,000 known
archaeological sites, 19,000 historic properties, 73 na-
tional historic landmarks, and the largest inventory of
historic buildings in the federal government (Zeidler
2010). As with natural resources, cultural resources
are managed by professional government staffs, of-
ten augmented by contractors and universities. The
development of Integrated Cultural Resources Plans
(ICRMPs) for each installation provides the goals and
protocols for ensuring protection of these resources in
concert with federal laws and the military mission.