Table 2A Brief History of Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism (Continued)DatesBiological agent(s)Method of deliveryCommentsWWIIKilledProteusOX19Polish physicians, Dr Eugeniusz Lazowski (1913–2006) and Dr Stanislav Matulewicz, inject thepeople of Rozvadow and Zbydniowie in Polandwith deadProteusOX19.When blood samples from these individuals weresent for testing, they were interpreted as“positive” for antibodies indicating typhusinfection. German officials became convincedthat a typhus epidemic was raging and theWehrmacht would not enter the town.WWIIR. prowazekii,
R. mooseri,hepatitis A,Plasmodiumspp.German experiments on prisoners in concentrationcamps.WWIIB. anthracisEngland conducts animal and environmentalexperiments on Gruinard Island off the coast ofScotland.The spores were found to be long-lived and theisland was quarantined. In 1986, 280 tons offormaldehyde was sprayed. The quarantine waslifted in 1990.WWIIB. anthracis,
Botulinumtoxin,F. tularensis,Brucella suis,
C. burnetti,Staphylococcusenterotoxin B,Venezuelan equineencephalitis, rice blast,rye stem rust, wheat stemrustU.S. Offensive Biological Program (War ReserveService) stockpiles agents but does notweaponize them.Programs are terminated in 1969 and 1970 byPresident Nixon’s two executive orders.1960sPungi sticks smeared withfecesTraps or pits.Utilized by the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.1970Reports of Weather Underground attempting to obtain agents from Fort Detrick. Not confirmed.1972Salmonella typhi, diphtheria,dysentery, meningitisR.I.S.E. radical organization stockpiles culturesCultures discovered. No attackSeptember 7, 1978 atWaterloo Bridge, LondonRicinThe Darzhavna Sigurnost and the KGB use anumbrella gun with a ricin-containing pellet toassassinate Bulgarian defector Georgi Markov.He dies September 11.It was not raining. It was not an accident.The first time ricin was used as a biologicalweapon.436 Cleri et al.