Policy instruments and 12
implementation
Contents
Regulation and regulatory styles 323
The case for regulation 323
Implementation deficit and state failure 325
Implementation deficit and national regulatory styles 326
Voluntary action 329
Government expenditure 332
Market-based instruments 332
The case for market-based instruments 332
Weaknesses in the economic case for market-based instruments 336
The politics of market-based instruments 338
Policy instruments and climate change 341
Energy policy 341
Transport policy 345
Conclusion 349
Further reading and websites 352
Key issues
◗ What are the main environmental policy instruments?
◗ What are the strengths and weaknesses of regulatory and market-based
instruments?
◗ How do national regulatory styles differ?
◗ Why are there so few market-based instruments?
◗ How can policy instruments be used to prevent climate change?