astrologers, the Rosicrucians, under the leadership of Johannes Kelpius (1673–1708),
established an astrological library and conservatory on Wissahickon Creek in what is
now the Germantown section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Among other activities,
they helped upgrade the almanac already being published by Daniel Leeds, and, in
1698, one of their better astrologers, Johann Seelig, was commissioned to cast the
horoscope for the Swedish Lutheran church in Wisaco, Pennsylvania, in order to
determine the best date to commence the new building. After the demise of the
Chapter of Perfection, as Kelpius’s group was known, surviving members became the
first hexmeisters, the well-known folk magicians of eastern Pennsylvania.
European Background
Through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Americans attracted to
astrology derived their interest from a flow of material from Europe, even though sev-
eral almanacs, which passed along astrological data for farming and doctoring, were
published in America. After reaching a low point in the eighteenth century, a distinct
new era for astrology began in England in the early nineteenth century. This new era
can be marked by the 1816 publication of James Wilson’s A Complete Dictionary of
Astrology,which for the first time gave its readers the basic kind of astrological infor-
mation they needed to construct astrological charts and interpret them. A decade
later, Robert C. Smith (1795–1832), writing under the pen name Raphael, launched
the first successful astrological publishing house. His first book, Manual of Astrology,
was an immediate success, but more importantly, he produced an ephemeris, a book of
charts showing the position of the planets in the sky day by day. The annual Raphael’s
Ephemerisremains a standard astrological textbook. After Smith’s death, a succession
of individuals carried on his work, providing the material necessary for those who
wished to follow its practice. Wilson, the various Raphaels, and the two men who
wrote under the pseudonym of Zadkiel (Richard James Morrison and Alfred J. Pearce)
produced the initial library of books that circulated in the United States and through
which Americans rediscovered astrology.
At the end of the century, astrology received additional support from the Theo-
sophical Society. The first important Theosophical astrologer, Walter Gorn Old, also
assumed a pen name, Sepharial. As popular as Sepharial became—and his books are still
in print—his work was eclipsed by that of a man he introduced into the society and to
astrology, William Frederick Allen (1860–1917), better known by his pen name, Alan
Leo. Allen launched the very successful The Astrologer’s Magazine(later renamed Mod-
ern Astrology), and, in 1896, he and Old organized the first modern astrological society.
This Astrological Society, soon reconstituted as the Society for Astrological Research,
survives today as the Astrological Lodge of the Theosophical Society. Among its out-
standing members were Allen’s wife, known under her pen name, Bessie Leo, and one of
the first British astrologers not to use a pen name, Charles E. O. Carter.
New Beginnings in America
Throughout the colonial era, America had never been without astrology. As
with Europe, astrology had been pushed to the hinterland and for many years survived
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History of Astrology in America