Wood Handbook, Wood as an Engineering Material

water hickory, from Texas to South Carolina; and nutmeg

hickory, in Texas and Louisiana.

The sapwood of this group is white or nearly white and rel-

atively wide. The heartwood is somewhat darker. The wood

is heavy and sometimes has very high shrinkage.

Heavy pecan hickory is used for tool and implement

handles and flooring. The lower grades are used for pallets.

Many higher grade logs are sliced to provide veneer for fur-

niture and decorative paneling.

Hickory (True Hickory Group)

True hickories are found

throughout the eastern half

of the United States. The

species most important

commercially are shagbark

(Carya ovata), pignut

(C. glabra), shellbark

(C. laciniosa), and mock-

ernut (C. tomentosa). The greatest commercial production

of the true hickories for all uses is in the Middle Atlantic

and Central States, with the Southern and South Atlantic

States rapidly expanding to handle nearly half of all hickory

lumber.

The sapwood of the true hickory group is white and usu-

ally quite wide, except in old, slow-growing trees. The

heartwood is reddish. The wood is exceptionally tough,

heavy, hard, and strong, and shrinks considerably in drying.

For some purposes, both rings per centimeter (or inch) and

weight are limiting factors where strength is important.

The major use for high quality hickory is for tool handles

that require high shock resistance. It is also used for lad-

der rungs, athletic goods, agricultural implements, dowels,

gymnasium apparatuses, poles, and furniture. Lower grade

hickory is not suitable for the special uses of high quality

hickory because of knottiness or other growth features and

low density. However, the lower grade is useful for pallets

and similar items. Hickory sawdust, chips, and some solid

wood are used to flavor meat by smoking.

Honeylocust

The wood of honeylocust

(Gleditsia triacanthos) has

many desirable qualities,

such as attractive figure

and color, hardness, and

strength, but it is little used

because of its scarcity. This

species is found most com-

monly in the eastern United States, except for New England

and the South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains.

Sapwood is generally wide and yellowish, in contrast to the

light red to reddish-brown heartwood. The wood is very

heavy, very hard, strong in bending, stiff, resistant to shock,

and durable when in contact with the ground.

When available, honeylocust is primarily used locally for

fence posts and general construction. It is occasionally used

with other species in lumber for pallets and crating.

Locust, Black

Black locust (Robinia

pseudoacacia) is some-

times called yellow locust.

This species grows from

Pennsylvania along the

Appalachian Mountains

to northern Georgia and

Alabama. It is also native

to western Arkansas and

southern Missouri. The greatest production of black locust

timber is in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and

Virginia.

Locust has narrow, creamy white sapwood. The heartwood,

when freshly cut, varies from greenish yellow to dark

brown. Black locust is very heavy, very hard, very resistant

to shock, and very strong and stiff. It has moderately low

shrinkage. The heartwood has high decay resistance.

Black locust is used for round, hewn, or split mine timbers

as well as fence posts, poles, railroad crossties, stakes, and

fuel. Other uses are for rough construction and crating.

Historically, black locust was important for the manufacture

of insulator pins and wooden pegs used in the construction

of ships, for which the wood was well adapted because of

its strength, decay resistance, and moderate shrinkage and

swelling.

Magnolia

Commercial magnolia

consists of three species:

southern magnolia (Mag‑

nolia grandiflora), sweet-

bay (M. virginiana),

and cucumbertree

(M. acuminata). Other

names for southern

magnolia are evergreen

magnolia, big laurel, and bull bay. Sweetbay is sometimes

called swamp magnolia. The lumber produced by all three

species is simply called magnolia. The natural range of

sweetbay extends along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts from

Long Island to Texas, and that of southern magnolia ex-

tends from North Carolina to Texas. Cucumbertree grows

from the Appalachians to the Ozarks northward to Ohio.

Louisiana leads in the production of magnolia lumber.

Sapwood of southern magnolia is yellowish white, and

heartwood is light to dark brown with a tinge of yellow or

green. The wood, which has close, uniform texture and is

Chapter 2 Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Woods