Spanish: An Essential Grammar

-erand -irverbs whose stem ends in ñor lldrop the i from the regular

ending:

gruñir gruñendo grunt

bullir bullendo seethe/boil

Irregular past participles

The commonest are:

abrir abierto open

cubrir cubierto cover

decir dicho say

escribir escrito write

freír frito fry

hacer hecho do

morir muerto die

poner puesto put

resolver resuelto resolve

romper roto break

ver visto see

volver vuelto return

Absolver‘absolve/acquit’ and disolver ‘dissolve’ follow the pattern of

resolver.

Compound tenses

The perfect, pluperfect, future perfect and conditional perfect tenses are

formed using either the present, imperfect, future or conditional of the

auxiliary verb haber+ a past participle.

Table 10.30 illustrates the pattern of formation.

10.9

10.8.2

10.8.1.3^1111

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1011

1

12111

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

20111

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

30111

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

40

41111

10

Verb forms

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