Spanish: An Essential Grammar

-ecerverbs 105–6

-eerverbs: gerund 123; preterite

118–19

elseearticles, definite article

el/la cual, los/las cuales 263

el/la que etc. (relative pronoun) 258,

259, 260, 263, 265, 266

ello 74

en226–7; = ‘at’ 217n, 226; idioms

228; + infinitive 191–2

en- (prefix) 301

en absoluto‘not at all’ 254

en contra de222; see alsocontra

en la/mi vida‘never in my life’

254

-encia(suffix) 292

encima (de)227–8

enfrente deseefrente a

entonces‘then’ cf. luego 67

entre229; with subject pronouns

73

-era/-ero/-ería(suffixes) 293

ese/a/os/as 44

eso/esto46; idioms 46n1–3

estar209; with adjectives cf. ser 211,

212–14; in colloquial expressions

214; for location 211; with past

participle 176–7, 178; present

indicative and subjunctive 113;

preterite 118; in progressive

tenses 126–7

estar de+ noun 214

estar para/por+ infinitive 237

estarse 173

este/a/os/as 44

-eta/-ete (suffixes) 298

‘even’ seehasta

exclamations 282–3; see alsoni,

ojalá, quién

ez/-eza(suffixes) 292

frente a228–9

fuera65–6; + de 225

future perfect tense 137–8; forms

124–5

future subjunctive 160; forms 121

future tense 122; for commands

208; irregular verb stems 121;

uses 134

gerund 197–201; after acabar, andar,

continuar, ir, pasar, salir, seguir,

terminar, venir199–200; basic use

197; where not used for English ‘-

ing’ 200–1; forms 122–4; in place

of relative clause 198–9; with own

subject 198; see alsoword order

glossary (of grammatical terms)

317–19

gran(de): position 61; short form 56

gustar(and similar verbs) 143–4

haber: + de184; present indicative

and subjunctive 113; preterite 118

hacer104, 118; in temporal phrases

141–2

hacia‘towards’ 229–30

hasta‘until’ 230; ‘even’ 68; to say

goodbye 230; = ‘not until’ in LA

315; + que no 253

hay que, etc. ‘there is/are’ 184

‘how’ + adjective or adverb 41

-iarverbs 108–9

-ico(suffix) 298

‘if’ clauses: como+ subjunctive 156;

de+ infinitive 194; siwith

indicative 162–3; siwith

subjunctive 161–2

igual (de)‘like/as’ 276

-illo(suffix) 295, 296, 297

imperatives see commands

imperfect indicative: forms 114–15;

to translate ‘would’ 132; uses

130–2 (cf. preterite 132–4)

imperfect subjunctive 120–1

in-(prefix) 301

-ín/-ino/-iño(suffixes) 297–8

indefinite adjectives, adverbs,

pronouns 84–96 (e.g. alguien,

poco, bastante)

indefinite article: omission 37–40; use

36–7; see also articles

infinitive 188–96; after finite verbs

188–9; after prepositions 188,

189–94; forms 122–3; in

impersonal expressions 194; as

noun 196; passive meaning after a,

sin, a medio193; in relative clauses

1111

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1011

1

12111

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

20111

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

30111

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

40

41111

Index

322