671017.pdf

Rigid boundary A Rigid boundary BFlexible boundary

0 153045607590

40

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

20

22

p

()

()

By wall By wall By wall

By mask By mask By mask

Figure 11: Comparison of peak friction angle휙푝under different boundary conditions.

=0 =30

=60 =90

(a)

=0 =30

=60 =90

− 75 75

(b)

Figure 12: Deformation of biaxial compression tests at axial strain of 15% under Rigid boundary B: (a) overall deformation and (b) contours
of individual particle rotation.