party. And it is through the theoretical uniWcation of the party in and out of the
legislature (perhaps accomplished through the party organization) that we can
understand just how parties are necessary components of democracies. In this,
American parties are not diVerent, theoretically, from their European counter-
parts. We can explain apparent American exceptionalism as simply based on an
unusual combination of empirical conditions, explainable through a common set
of factors, and thus there is closer to a singular set of explanations of the party in
and out of the legislature across at least the established democratic world.
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