more and redistributed more than parties of the right, they invested
more in human capital formation, and they created more public
employment and social services, leading women to become more leftist
than men.^110 The left in power had more success, too, in reducing
poverty at home, and it was also more generous in offering develop-
ment assistance to promote justice abroad.^111 In global politics, actors
and institutions on the left, NGOs and UN agencies in particular,
continued to oppose purely market-oriented approaches to global-
ization, and favored more equality and more democratic governance
structures. In sum, the debate between the left and the right had
evolved, as the two sides adjusted to a new world context, but it con-
tinued to define the most enduring and fundamental divide of global
politics.
Like? Evidence from Electoral Volatility Measures, 1976–2004,”West
European Politics, vol. 29, no. 1, January 2006, 1–27.(^110) David Bradley, Evelyn Huber, Stephanie Moller, Franc ̧ois Nielsen, and John
Stephens, “Distribution and Redistribution in Postindustrial Democracies,”
World Politics, vol. 55, no. 2, 2003, 193–228; Iversen, “Class Politics Is
Dead!,” pp. 4–6; Torben Iversen, “Electoral Institutions and the Politics of
Coalitions: Why Some Democracies Redistribute More Than Others,”
American Political Science Review, vol. 100, no. 2, May 2006, 165–81,
p. 165; Torben Iversen and Frances Rosenbluth, “The Political Economy of
Gender: Explaining Cross-National Variation in the Gender Division of Labor
and the Gender Voting Gap,”American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50,
111 no. 1, January 2006, 12–18.
Lyle Scruggs and James P. Allan, “The Material Consequences of Welfare
States: Benefit Generosity and Absolute Poverty in 16 OECD Countries,”
Comparative Political Studies, vol. 39, no. 7, September 2006, 880–904;
Jean-Philippe The ́rien and Alain Noe ̈l, “Political Parties and Foreign Aid,”
American Political Science Review, vol. 94, no. 1, March 2000, 151–62; Alain
Noe ̈l and Jean-Philippe The ́rien, “Public Opinion and Global Justice,”
Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 6, August 2002, 627–52.
Twenty-first-century rapprochement 197