220 divorce
community. It was celebrated in churches, often with
significant participation by the LAITY. However, its
specialization of function of communal society made it
principally the proper duty of clerics.
Further reading:Paul F. Bradshaw, Daily Prayer in
the Early Church: A Study of the Origin and Early Develop-
ment of the Divine Office (London: Published for the
Alcuin Club by SPCK, (1981); Roger E. Reynolds,
“Divine Office,” DMA4, 221–231; Robert F. Taft, The
Liturgy of the Hours in East and West: The Origins of the
Divine Office and Its Meaning for Today (Collegeville,
Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1986).
divorce SeeFAMILY AND KINSHIP; MARRIAGE.
documents SeeARCHIVES AND ARCHIVAL INSTITUTIONS;
CODICOLOGY; PALEOGRAPHY.
Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhra, Mosque of
Umar) Sometimes mistakenly called the Mosque of
Omar, the Dome of the Rock was a Muslim shrine in
JERUSALEM, or al-Quds, on the Temple Mount, known
in Arabic as Haram ash-Sharif, “the noble temple.” It
was built over the sacred rock that religious tradition
considers the center or heart of the world. The Jews
believed the place to be the stone on which Isaac was
to be sacrificed by Abraham, and the Muslims claim
it to be the rock from which MUHAMMADascended to
heaven. Actually not a mosque, it was erected as a
shrine by Caliph ABD AL-MALIK in 691 to replace
the wooden structure built 50 years earlier by Caliph
UMARII. The great golden dome is raised by a drum, is
pierced by windows, and rests on columns arranged in
a circle that forms the center of a double octagon. The
Dome of the Rock, one of the earliest Muslim shrines,
was richly decorated and ornamented by colorful non-
figural MOSAICS and has been considered one of the
great monuments of Islamic art.
See alsoART AND ARCHITECTURE,ISLAMIC.
Further reading:K. A. C. Creswell, The Origin of the
Plan of the Dome of the Rock(London: Issued by the
Council, 1924); Oleg Grabar, The Shape of the Holy: Early
Islamic Jerusalem(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1996).Domesday Book Domesday Bookwas the name given
to a set of manuscripts preserved in the Public Record
Office in London. They contained the results of a survey
of property and tenures in England in the 1080s. Besides
a large manuscript, related volumes of surveys have
also survived, such as the Exon Domesday, coveringDome of the Rock, Jerusalem, or al-Quds, 1860–80(Courtesy Library of Congress)