1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

pipe rolls 579

Rome produced revenue for the people of Rome and pres-
tige for the Holy See. The rituals of pilgrimage became
more elaborate over the course of the Middle Ages, and
the status and legal rights of pilgrims became more
defined and protected in canon LAWand practice.
The CRUSADESwere seen as a form of pilgrimage.
They could also be an interesting, albeit somewhat dan-
gerous, form of recreational travel. In the later Middle
Ages, the more mystically minded clergy and LAITYset
about on interior pilgrimages of the mind and soul to
GOD. As pious works designed to gain merit and GRACE,
they became a primary target of many of the Protestant
reformers of the 16th century.
See alsoBONIFACEVIII, POPE; INDULGENCES; PALESTINE.
Further reading: Richard W. Barber, Pilgrimages
(Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 1991); Linda Kay
Davidson, Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages: A Research Guide
(New York: Garland, 1993); R. C. Finucane, Miracles and
Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England(Totowa,
N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1977); Donald R. Howard,
Writers and Pilgrims: Medieval Pilgrimage Narratives and
Their Posterity(Berkeley: University of California Press,
1980); George Majeska, Russian Travelers to Constantinople

in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (Washington,

D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,

1984); Jonathan Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medi-

aeval Religion (London: Faber and Faber, 1975); Gary

Vikan, Byzantine Pilgrimage Art (Washington, D.C.:

Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982);

Diana Webb, Medieval European Pilgrimage, c. 700–c.

1500 (New York: Palgrave, 2002).

pipe rolls The pipe rolls contained the financial

accounts of the COURT OFEXCHEQUERin ENGLAND. Many

of them have been preserved and have been used as

important sources for the economic and administrative

history of medieval England.

Further reading:Richard Fitzneale, Dialogus de Scac-

cario—The Course of the Exchequer,ed. and trans. Charles

Johnson, with corrections by F. E. L. Carter and D. E.

Greenway (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983); Pipe Roll

Society, London, Introduction to the Study of the Pipe Rolls

(1884; reprint, Vaduz: Kraus Reprint, 1966); Reginald

Lane Poole, The Exchequer in the Twelfth Century(Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1912).