654 Scotland
expanded southward into the Lothian region and
EDINBURGH. Around 940 the old kingdom of Strathclyde
was ceded to the future king, Malcolm I (r. 943–54).
ANGLO-SAXON INCURSIONIn the second half of the 11th century Anglo-Saxon cul-
ture entered to the kingdom, brought by the Saxon wife
of King Malcolm III (ca. 1031–93), Saint Margaret (ca.
1045–93). During the reign of DAVIDI in the mid-12th
century, Anglo-Norman families to Scotland were attracted
by offers of estates and positions in government. The
almost continuous generally unsuccessful wars with
ENGLANDin the 12th century expedited an Anglicization
process, such as when in 1167 the English king, HENRY
II, forced his prisoner, WILLIAMI THELION, the king of
Scotland, to become his vassal.
In the 13th century the Hebrides were ceded by the
Norwegians and became part of the kingdom under the
terms of the Treaty of Perth in 1266. King Alexander III
(r. 1249–86) died in 1286 with no direct heir leading to a
dynastic crisis. The ambitious EDWARDI started to try to
absorb it into his realm. JOHNBALLIOLgained the support
of Edward who arbitrated among the claimants. Balliol
agreed to pay homage to Edward for the kingdom of Scot-
land, but instead the Scottish nobility compelled Balliol
to declare war on England in 1295. Edward took control
of much of Scotland and installed an English puppet gov-
ernment. Scottish resistance, however, continued under
the leadership of William WALLACE. Edward eventually
captured Wallace and had him executed in 1305, but
only after suffering several defeats and the devastation of
northern England.SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE
ROBERTI THEBRUCEled the resistance to English control
after Wallace’s execution. Allying himself with FRANCE,