Encyclopedia of Chemistry

matter. For example, an inelastic collision is one in
which at least a portion of the kinetic energy of the col-
liding particles is lost through conversion to some other
form of energy. Potential energy, energy stored in a
body, can be converted to kinetic energy.

kinetic equivalence Two reaction schemes are kinet-
ically equivalent if they imply the same RATE LAW. For
example, consider the two schemes (i) and (ii) for the
formation of Cfrom A:

Providing that Bdoes not accumulate as a reaction
intermediate

Providing that Bdoes not accumulate as a reaction
intermediate

Both equations for d[C]/dt are of the form

where rand s are constants (sometimes called “coeffi-
cients in the rate equation”). The equations are identi-
cal in their dependence on concentrations and do not
distinguish whether OH–catalyzes the formation of B,
and necessarily also its reversion to A,or is involved in
its further transformation to C.The two schemes are
therefore kinetically equivalent under conditions to
which the stated provisos apply.

kinetic isotope effect SeeISOTOPE EFFECT, KINETIC.

kinetic-molecular theory An ideal gas is composed
of tiny particles (molecules) in constant motion.

kingdom Taxonomic name used to organize, classify,

and identify plants and animals. There are five taxo-

nomic kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and

Animalia. Only the domain is higher in ranking. This

system of ranking, called the Linnaean system, was

developed by the Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus

(1707–78), who developed a two-name system, bino-

mial nomenclature (genus and species), for identifying

and classifying all living things. The system is based on

a hierarchical structure in which organisms are sorted

by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and

species. Organisms belonging to the same kingdom do

not have to be very similar, but organisms belonging to

the same species are and can reproduce and create off-

spring.

klinotaxis A movement in a specific direction rela-

tive to a given stimulus, either directly toward or away

from the source.

Koppel-Palm solvent parameters Parameters to

measure separately the ability of a solvent to enter into

nonspecific solvent-solute interactions (permittivity, ε,

and refractive index, nD) and specific solvent-solute

interaction (solvent basicity or NUCLEOPHILICITYB and

solvent acidity or ELECTROPHILICITYE) as contributing

to overall solvent POLARITY.

Kosower Z-value SeeZ-VALUE.

Kossel, Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht

(1853–1927) GermanChemist Ludwig Karl Martin

Leonhard Albrecht Kossel was born in Rostock on

September 16, 1853, the eldest son of Albrecht Kossel,

the merchant and Prussian consul, and his wife Clara

Jeppe. He attended the secondary school in Rostock

and went to the newly founded University of Strass-

burg in 1872 to study medicine. He received his doc-

torate of medicine in 1878.

Kossel specialized in chemistry of tissues and cells

(physiological chemistry), and by the 1870s, he had

begun his investigations into the constitution of the cell

nucleus. He isolated nucleoproteins from the heads of

fish sperm cells in 1879. By the 1890s he had focused

d[C]

dt

[A][OH

+[OH

(3)

• = –
  r
  s

]

]1

d[C]

dt

[A][OH

[OH

(2)

• = + –
  kk
  kk

12

12

]

]

d[C]

dt

[A][OH

[OH

(1

• = + –
  kk
  kk

12

21

]

• ]

))

(ii) A B

OH

OH

k

k

1 k

1

⋅

⋅

−

− −

⇀↽^22 –

→OH C

(i) A B

OH

OH

k 2

k

1 k

1

⋅

⋅

−

− −

⇀↽ → C

Kossel, Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht 155