physical limitations 347, 351
as TDOMI 338–341
particle size 234–236
preference 379
refusal 390, 398
utilization 66
See alsoFood
Feed analysis
near infrared 199–203
acid detergent fibre (ADF) 200, 201, 203–204
applications 199–203
crude protein (CP) 200, 202, 204
digestibility 200, 202, 204
dry matter (DM) 200, 204
forages 186, 188, 200–202
grains 186
intake determinations 200
lignin 200
minerals 204
neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 200, 204
silages 186, 200, 202–204
in situsamples 200, 202
treated feedstuffs 200
volatile fatty acids (VFA) 200, 204
Feedback
signals 328
Feeding
accessibility 365
activity 373–374
area design 373–378
and behaviour 373–378
manger 374–375
slope and pressure 375–378
behaviour 365–381
cows 366–378
social dominance 367–368
tossing of feed 375, 376
and manger space 368–371
frequency 414
level 414
Fermentation
caecal 142–143
colonic 143
end-products 135–144
of glucose 135, 210
hindgut 142–143
pregastric 131–142
in rumen 131–142, 236–249
in vitro210–211, 213, 217
Fibre
acid detergent (ADF) 200, 201, 203–204
degrading enzymes 250, 407
digestible 223
digestibility 416
hydrolysable (HF) 335, 345, 348, 351, 355
rate of hydrolysis (HFkh) 335, 336
in vitrodigestion 217
neutral detergent (NDF) 200, 204, 338, 348, 350, 418
undigested 337
unhydrolysed (UF) 336, 337, 345, 347, 348–352
load (UFL) 346, 349, 350, 351
Fibrolytic activity
rumen microbes 248–250
Field beans 385
Fill index 247–248
Fish 415
Fish meal 415
Fixed negative charge 151
Flavan-3-ols 385
Flavours 378–379
Flooding dose 32
Flow theory 157
Fluid
ruminal 213, 417
Flux 28
amino acids 49–59, 335, 339, 341
energy 335
glutamine 52
hydrolysable fibre 351
lysine 17, 341
metabolizable protein (MP) 351
trans-hepatic 54–56
Food
coloured 322
effects of pelleting 310
flavoured 323
intake 310–311
See alsoFeed
Forage(s) 186, 188, 200–202, 223–225, 234–235, 384,
385, 386, 394, 399
addition of enzymes 416–417
analysis 221
to concentrate ratios 417
digestion 223–225
drying 236
fractions 223–224, 227, 228
milling 234–235
particle size 234–236
pre-processing with enzymes 417
ruminal passage 141
tannin-containing 227
tropical 227
Formate dehydrogenase 137, 139
Formononetin 389
Fructan 122, 123, 130
Fructose 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 135, 136
Fumonisins 387–388, 391, 400
Fungi
rumen 131
species 386–388
storage 387
toxigenic 386–388
Fusarium
mycotoxins 387–388, 390, 391, 398, 399, 400, 401
species 387Galactolipids 97, 100
Galactose 124, 125, 126, 128
Galacturonic acid 124, 133
Gas
curves 218, 219, 220, 221, 223
models 217
general law 210
models
empirical 220
production 209–229
apparatus 210–213, 215–217
factors affecting 213–214
intake predictions 228
lag 217–219
quantitative aspects 209–210
yield 225, 227
from carbohydrate fermentation 210
Genistein 386, 389
-Glucans 407, 420–421
-Glucanase 406, 412, 413, 419–420
Glucoamylase 125, 126
Gluconeogenesis 57, 121, 141, 144
Glucosamine 125, 128
Glucose 125, 126, 156, 313, 323, 324, 407
absorption 127–130
paracellular 127, 128, 130, 144
transcellular 127, 128, 130
duodenal infusion 323
efflux 128
feeding 313
fermentation 135, 210
luminal concentration 128
portal vein infusion 324
procurement 121–122
transport 128
Glucosinolates 384, 386, 390, 399, 400, 401
Glucostatic theory 321, 326
Glucuronides 389
GLUT 1 128
GLUT 2 128
GLUT 5 128
Glutamate
transporters 11–12
Glutamine 12
portal flux 52
supply from muscle 57
Glutathione peroxidase 178Index 431