Protein(s)continued
precursors 352, 354, 356
in peptide transport
PepT family of H+/peptide cotransporters
14–15
PepT1 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, 20
PepT2 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 20
rumen efflux 346, 347
selection for 329
supplements
ileal amino acid digestibility 285, 295–299
synthesis 25–27, 31–32, 76
transport
ASCT family 13
CAT family 9–11
EAAT family 11–13
molecular characterization 9–16
peptide 6, 9, 10, 14–15, 18–20
turnover
indirect measurement 28–31
rate in sheep 59
studies in farm animals 43
See alsoCrude protein
Proteinase inhibitors 384, 385, 390, 391, 398, 400
Proteolysis 354
Proton ionophores 153, 155, 158
Proventriculus 130
Pulmonary oedema 391
Pyruvate 133, 135, 136, 138
oxidative decarboxylation 136
reduction 138
Rabbit 121, 124, 143, 144
Radionuclide-labelled microspheres 263, 265, 269
Randomizing pathway 136, 138
Ractopamine 66, 67–68, 69–70, 71, 73–74, 77, 81, 82
efficacy 67–68, 82
Rare earth elements 261–262, 264, 265
Receptors
-adrenergic 74–84
desensitization 81–82
down-regulation 81–82
genes 84
phosphorylation 82
primary structure 79
Residence time
age-dependent (N/–e) 335
ruminal 343–352
Remote-controlled oesophageal valves 270
Reproductive dysfunction 390, 391, 396–397
cattle 397
induction by
ergopeptine alkaloids 397
phomopsins 397
phyto-oestrogenic isoflavonoids 390, 396–397
Pinus ponderosa 397
zearalenone 389, 391
pigs 391
sheep 396–397
Reticulo-omasal orifice 141
Rhamnose 124
Ribose 128
Ribosomes 27
RNA 27, 76, 83, 84
Rumen 100–101, 234–250, 388–390, 392–394
biohydrogenation
unsaturated fatty acids 100, 108, 115
capacity 323
cell wall digestion 246–247
degradation 234–250
digesta load 346, 349
interactions with body weight 349
interactions with^2 UF–e 349
evacuation method 348
exchanges 236–240
fermentation 131–142, 329, 388–390, 393–394
fluid 213, 417
function 390, 392
hydrolysis
glycerolipids 100
infusions 324, 416
microbes 100–102, 132–133, 138
fibrolytic activity 248–250
pools
dynamics 337, 338, 341, 342, 343
lag-rumination 336, 341, 342, 343, 345
mass action turnover 336, 343, 345
residence time
digesta 343–352
synthesis
fatty acids 101
Ruminants 18–20, 122, 131, 132, 136, 138, 141–143
amino acid transport 18–20
copper metabolism 174
digesta retention in rumen 141–143
energy requirements 336
lipid digestion and absorption 100–102
microbial ecosystem 141
peptide transport 18–20
protein requirements 336
rumen fermentation 131–142
selenium dynamics 179
See alsoCattle; Sheep
Rumination 366, 368, 375
Ruminococcus albus 211
Ruthenium phenanthroline (Ru-phe) 260–261, 265,
270
Rye
diets 406, 407, 410, 412, 413Saccharidases 126, 127
Safety
repartitioning agents 85–86
Samarium 261
Saponins 227, 384, 386, 390, 394–395
Satiety 320, 322, 323
Secondary substances 384–389, 400–401
beneficial effects 393–394
deleterious effects 389–398
of fungi 386–388
guidelines 400–401
metabolism 388–389
of plants 227, 383–386
regulations 400–401
Secretin 126
Selenium
absorption 178, 179
homeostasis 178–179
metabolism 178
regulation 179
tissue forms 178
turnover 179
urinary 178, 179
Selenomethionine 178
SGLT1 127–129, 131, 133, 142, 144
Shade cooling 380
Sheep
amino acid(s)
absorption 51–52, 55
distribution in blood compartments 50
fractional hepatic extraction 55
transport 18–20
copper homeostasis 174–175
glutamine flux 52
infertility 391, 396–397
3-methylhistidine kinetics 39–42
nutrient balance 153
phenethanolamine efficacy 68–69
protein turnover rate 59
ruminal dynamics 345
Signal transduction
role of lipids 115–116
Silage(s) 186, 200, 203–204, 218, 223, 417
gas production 228
Sodium
gradient 152
ion 127–130, 140, 141
concentration 151
pump 127–129, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
157, 158
Somatotropin
regulation of lipid metabolism 105, 109436 Index