thesize (create in the laboratory) cortisone, a nat-
ural hormone of the adrenal glands. Julian’s
methods also made possible the synthesis of other
hormones for therapeutic applications, such as
oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and
immunosuppressive drugs.
Jung, Carl (1875–1961) Swiss psychiatrist,
once a protégé of Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund
Freud, who developed a theory of personality
based on the premise of a collective unconscious,
a pool of inborn recognitions and experiences. The
collective unconscious, in Jung’s view, explained
commonalities across human populations in
dreams, mythology, and religion. Jung identified
these commonalities as archetypes, which he
defined as unlearned experiences.
Koch, [Heinrich Herman] Robert
(1843–1910) German bacteriologist who discov-
ered the pathogenic nature of bacteria and the
bacterium responsible for causing tuberculosis.
Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1905 for his work in understanding
the infectious mechanisms of tuberculosis. Koch
made further numerous contributions to the dis-
covery of the role of pathogenic microbes and dis-
ease.
Kolff, Willem J. (b. 1911) Physician and med-
ical inventor who founded the first European
blood bank during World War II and developed
the first artificial kidney a few years later. A pio-
neer in devices for the heart, Kolff devised an
implantable mechanical heart in 1955 and an
intra-aortic balloon pump in 1957. In the 1970s
and 1980s Kolff collaborated with Robert Jarvik to
develop a series of mechanical hearts. Heart sur-
geon William DeVries implanted one model, the
Jarvik-7, into the chest of retired dentist Barney
Clark in 1982. Clark lived for four months on the
artificial heart. Kolff also developed a portable kid-
ney dialysis unit.
Laënnec, René (1781–1826) French physician
who invented the stethoscope to listen to the
heart and lungs. Laënnec’s early stethoscopes
were straight tubes carved of wood. Later models
incorporated brass fittings to better hear certain
ranges of sounds.
Landsteiner, Karl(1868–1943) Austrian sci-
entist who discovered the antigens on the surfaces
of blood cells that led to the identification of blood
types. The discovery earned Landsteiner the 1930
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Lister, Joseph(1827–1912) British surgeon
responsible for implementing methods of antisep-
sis to prevent infection during and after surgical
operations. Lister built on the foundations that
Louis Pasteur’s work established, implementing a
routine of cleaning surgical and traumatic wounds
with carbolic acid to kill any bacteria present. He
also applied antiseptic methods to cleaning surgi-
cal instruments and maintaining a clean operating
field, turning surgery from an approach of last
resort to a successful therapeutic method.
Macleod, John James Richard(1876–1935)
Co-discoverer, with Frederick Banting and Charles
Best, of insulin. Macleod and Banting won the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for
their research. While Banting shared his Nobel
Prize money with Charles Best, whom he felt was
slighted in being not similarly honored, Macleod
shared his with the young chemist James Bertram
(J.B.) Collip, who had acquired a steady supply of
insulin for the team’s research.
Maimonides, Moses (1135–1204) Jewish
physician and rabbi, also known as Moshe ben
Maimon, who was the first of four generations of
his family to serve as court physician for the sul-
tans of Egypt. Maimonides established a practice
of medicine that integrated body, mind, and spirit,
blending the most advanced scientific knowledge
of his time with meditation and prayer.
Paré, Ambroise(1510–1590) French battle-
field surgeon considered the father of trauma sur-
gery. Paré developed numerous techniques for
rapid and humane treatment with an orientation
toward eventual recovery and return to productiv-
ity through the use of prosthetic limbs and other
devices. Paré served as court surgeon to four
French kings.
Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895) French bio-
chemist who recognized that pathogenic microbes,
notably bacteria, caused infection. Pasteur devel-
oped what became known as the germ theory of
disease, establishing an understanding of the
causes of infection fundamental to developing
methods for treating and preventing infection.
Pasteur’s work became the foundation for antisep-
sis, vaccination, and pasteurization, all methods
for preventing infection. Pasteur further discov-414 Appendix VII