428 Appendix XII
Year Laureate(s) Discovery
1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr. (1915–1974; USA) mechanisms through which hormones function in the body
1970 Sir Bernard Katz (1911–2003; UK) neurotransmitters and their roles in the mechanisms through which
Ulf von Euler (1905–1983; Sweden) nerve cells communicate with other cells in the body
Julius Axelrod (1912–2004; USA)
1969 Max Delbrück (1906–1981; USA) genetic structure and replication mechanisms of viruses
Alfred D. Hershey (1908–1997; USA)
Salvador E. Luria (1912–1991; USA)
1968 Robert W. Holley (1922–1993; USA) role of genes in protein synthesis
H. Gobind Khorana (b. 1922; USA)
Marshall W. Nirenberg (b. 1927; USA)
1967 Ragnar Granit (1900–1991; Sweden) biochemical and physiologic mechanisms involved in the eye’s
Haldan K. Hartline (1903–1983; USA) processing of visual input and information
George Wald (1906–1997; USA)
1966 Peyton Rous (1897–1970; USA) Rous: viruses that cause tumors to develop
Charles B. Huggins (1901–1997; USA) Huggins: effect of therapeutic hormones on prostate cancer
1965 François Jacob (b. 1920; France) role of genes in regulating enzyme synthesis and virus replication
André Lwoff (1902–1994; France)
Jacques Monod (1910–1976; France)
1964 Konrad Bloch (1912–2000; USA) relationship between metabolism of fatty acids and formation of
Feodor Lynen (1911–1979; Germany) cholesterol in the body
1963 Sir John Eccles (1903–1997; Australia) role of ions and ion channels in the conduction of electrical impulses
Alan L. Hodgkin (1914–1998; UK) through nerve cells
Andrew F. Huxley (b. 1917; UK)
1962 Francis Crick (1916–2004; UK) double helix structure of DNA and its role in transmitting genetic and
James Watson (b. 1928; USA) molecular information
Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004; UK)
1961 Georg von Békésy (1899–1972; USA) mechanisms of function of the cochlea
1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985; characteristics and development of acquired immunity
Australia)
Peter Medawar (1915–1987; UK)
1959 Severo Ochoa (1905–1993; USA) synthesis of RNA and DNA
Arthur Kornberg (b. 1918; USA)
1958 George Beadle (1903–1989; USA) Beadle and Tatum: biochemical mechanisms of gene activity
Edward Tatum (1909–1975; USA) Lederberg: genetic recombination
Joshua Lederberg (b. 1925; USA)