239
HOW ARE OBJECTS PLACED INTO CATEGORIES?
Why Definitions Don’t Work for Categories
The Prototype Approach: Finding the Average Case
DEMONSTRATION: Family Resemblance
METHOD: Sentence Verification Technique
The Exemplar Approach: Thinking About Examples
Which Approach Works Better: Prototypes or Exemplars?IS THERE A PSYCHOLOGICALLY “PRIVILEGED” LEVEL OF CATEGORIES?
Rosch’s Approach: What’s Special About Basic Level Categories?DEMONSTRATION: Listing Common Features
DEMONSTRATION: Naming Things
How Knowledge Can Affect Categorization
TEST YOURSELF 9.1
SEMANTIC NETWORKS REPRESENTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CATEGORIES:
SEMANTIC NETWORKS
Introduction to Semantic Networks: Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model
METHOD: Lexical Decision Task
Criticism of the Collins and Quillian Model
The Collins and Loftus Model: Personal Experience Affects Networks
Assessment of Semantic Network Theories
THE CONNECTIONIST APPROACH REPRESENTING CONCEPTS IN NETWORKS:
APPROACH
What Is a Connectionist Model?
How Are Concepts Represented in a Connectionist Network?
DEMONSTRATION: Activation of Property Units in a Connectionist Network
CATEGORIES AND THE BRAIN
Specific or Distributed Activity?
Category Information in Single Neurons
Neuropsychology of Categories
Brain Scanning and Categories
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: CATEGORIZATION IN INFANTS
METHOD: Familiarization/Novelty Preference Procedure
TEST YOURSELF 9.2
CHAPTER SUMMARY
THINK ABOUT IT
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE
KEY TERMS
MEDIA RESOURCES
Top row: left, DigitalSLR/Shutterstock.com; center, Tomislav Stajduhar/Shutterstock.com; right, Gladkova Svetlana/Shutterstock.com. Center row: left, Patrick Lecarpentier/Shutterstock.com; center and right, Bruce Goldstein. Bottom row: left, Scott Latham/Shutterstock.com; center, Bruce Goldstein; right, Tamara Bauer/iStockPhoto.com.Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.