Glossary • 399Illusory conjunctions A situation, demonstrated in experiments by Anne Treisman, in which
features from different objects are inappropriately combined. (4)
Illusory correlation A correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality
there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be. (13)
Imageless thought debate The debate about whether thought is possible in the absence of
images. (10)
Imagery debate The debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms, such as
those involved in perception, or on propositional mechanisms that are related to language. (10)
Imagery neuron A type of category-specific neuron that is activated by imagery. (10)
Immediate emotion Emotion that is experienced at the time a decision is being made. (13)
Implicit memory Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior,
even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience. Also called
nondeclarative memory. (6)
Inattentional blindness Not noticing something even though it is in clear view, usually caused
by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located. Also see
Change blindness. (4)
Incidental immediate emotion Immediate emotion unrelated to the decision. An example is an
emotion associated with a person’s general disposition. Contrast with Integral immediate
emotion. (13)
Incompatible flanker A stimulus in the display for a flanker compatibility task that is associ-
ated with a response that is different from the response that the participant is supposed to
make to a target stimulus. See Compatible flanker. (4)
Inductive reasoning Reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evi-
dence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true, rather than definitely true, as can be
the case for the conclusions from deductive reasoning. (13)
Inference The process by which readers create information that is not explicitly stated in the
text. (11)
Information-processing approach The approach to psychology, developed beginning in the
1950s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of
stages. (1)
Initial state In problem solving, the conditions at the beginning of a problem. (12)
Input units Units in a connectionist network that are activated by stimulation from the envi-
ronment. See also Connectionist network; Hidden units; Output units. (9)
Insight Sudden realization of a problem’s solution. (12)
Instrument inference An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or
listening to speech. See also Anaphoric inference; Causal inference. (11)
Integral immediate emotion Immediate emotion that is associated with the act of making a
decision. Contrast with Incidental immediate emotion. (13)
Interactionist approach to parsing The approach to parsing that takes into account all
information—both semantic and syntactic—to determine parsing as a person reads a
sentence. This approach assigns more weight to semantics than does the syntax-first
approach to parsing. (11)
Intermediate states In problem solving, the various conditions that exist along the pathways
between the initial and goal states. (12)
In vivo problem-solving research Observing people to determine how they solve prob-
lems in real-world situations. This technique has been used to study the use of analogy
in a number of different settings, including laboratory meetings of a university research
group and design brainstorming sessions in an industrial research and development
department. (12)Korsakoff’s syndrome A condition caused by prolonged vitamin B1 deficiency that leads to
destruction of areas on the frontal and temporal lobes and causes severe impairments in
memory. (6)Landmark discrimination problem Problem in which the task is to remember an object’s
location and to choose that location after a delay. Associated with research on the where
processing stream. (3)
Language A system of communication through which we code and express our feelings,
thoughts, ideas, and experiences. (11)33559_14_glossary_p391-410.indd 39933559_14_glossary_p391-410.indd 399 13/04/10 5:47 PM13/04/10 5:47 PM
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