The Psychological Assessment of Political Leadersinternal needs. In searching for details, paranoid individuals do not
accurately place events in the totality of their context. The search for
a particular kind of tree regularly has them not apprehending the
quality of the landscape, be it forest or meadow.
The primary basis of the paranoid style's characteristic suspicious-
ness is an overreliance on the ego defense of projection—the attribution
to external figures of internal motivation, drives, or other feelings that are
intolerable and hence repudiated in oneself. Projection, as Shapiro notes,
distorts the significance of apparent reality; it is an autistic interpre-
tive distortion of external reality. It is regularly observed that there
is usually a core of reality in a paranoid notion, that "projection is a
compromise with reality," that "the paranoid meets reality halfway."
An important characteristic of the paranoid that has significant
implications for leadership style but also affects cognitive style is the
exaggerated need for autonomy. Paranoids are constantly seeking
evidence that dangerous others are out to control them or to betray
them. The only defense in such a dangerous world is to rely on no
one, to exaggeratedly emphasize independence and autonomy.
Paranoid individuals guard against losing control of their feelings,
especially warm, soft, tender, and passive feelings. This is in the ser-
vice of avoiding submission, of yielding to another. There can be no
yielding to pressure or authority. This exaggerated fear of submis-
sion is a reaction to a strong wish to submit, a wish that is unaccept-
able to the paranoid and must be avoided at all costs. Being on guard
at all times against one's feelings blocks all spontaneity. There can be
no humor or playfulness, and, absent spontaneity, there is clearly a
major inhibition of creative expression. Shapiro (1967) has charac-
terized this constant state of internal surveillance as "an internal
police state." Like an army, the paranoid is constantly on alert, mobi-
lized to counterattack against the ever-present danger.
Thus paranoids are simultaneously defending themselves against
external danger and internal impulses, a burdensome and exhausting
psychological war on two fronts. As internal tension builds, suspi-
ciousness grows, and through the process of projection an external
and more manageable threat is constructed. The individual then has a
state of heightened alertness, a state of continuous, alert guardedness
against the now external danger.
It is evident that individuals who view the world through a suspi-