24 Britain The Economist March 26th 2022
tal of just 18,000. That has since rebounded
to just over 22,000. But the number will
have to rise further if prison life is to return
to something closer to normal. Moving
prisoners around in smaller groups re
quires extra supervision, as does keeping
gyms, libraries and chapels open for longer
so that anticrowding measures do not re
duce access overall.
Another difficulty is high staff turn
over. Nearly a third of officers have less
than three years’ experience, and a sub
stantial number have never worked in a
prison without covid restrictions. A report
from the prisons inspectorate in Septem
ber 2021 on Wandsworth Prison found that
a quarter of officers had been there for less
than a year. The facility was so short
staffed and prisoners allowed so briefly out
of their cells that they needed to choose be
tween showering, ordering necessities and
getting some exercise.
The Ministry of Justice has launched a
recruitingscheme atshortstaffed sites.
Butontopofhighturnoverandcontinuing
covidrestrictions,a furtherproblemisthat
theprisonpopulationisexpectedtorise—
to98,500by2026,accordingtoofficialpre
dictions.Ascriminaltrialscametoa halt
duringthepandemic,theflowofnewpris
onersslowedandthetotalbehindbarsfell:
in February it stood at around 80,000.
Courtsarenowworkingthrougha massive
backloginhearings,whichissuretolead
to more custodial sentences.A govern
mentplantohire20,000newpoliceoffi
cersmayalsoleadtoanincreaseincrimi
nalcharges—andconvictions.n
Buildingnuclearreactors
Copy, paste, repeat
B
ritain’sfirstnewnuclearplantin 30
years, by the Bristol Channel in Somer
set, is one of Europe’s largest construction
sites. With accommodation for 7,000
workers who run shifts around the clock, it
isan openair factory for making one of the
most complex objects on the planet. When
Hinkley Point cis switched on in 2026, its
two identical reactors will produce 3,200
megawatts of electricity, making it capable
of supplying 7% of Britain’s needs.
Overseeing it all is Sarah Williamson,
the lead engineer for bylor, a joint venture
between Bouygues Travaux Publics and La
ing O’Rourke, French and British construc
tion firms respectively. Her immediate
task is to keep the Hinkley “delivery mach
ine” running at peak capacity. Her next will
betocopyit forBritain’snextplanned nuc
lear plant, Sizewell cin Suffolk.
The government already regarded nuc
lear power as an important element of Brit
ain’s energy mix before Russia invaded Uk
raine, and oil and gas prices soared. When
the prime minister, Boris Johnson, met in
dustry bosses on March 21st, he talked of
the need for a “thriving pipeline” of nuc
lear plants. Whether he gets his wish will
depend, in part, on how successful Ms Wil
liamson and her team are in copying Hin
kley at Sizewell—and, perhaps, beyond.
Nuclear plants are pricey, and much
more so if they are bespoke. Reusing plans,
suppliers and people to crank out identical
ones should make construction cheaper.
One way forward is to design socalled
small modular reactors, which can be
made in factories and then assembled on
site (see Science and technology section).
RollsRoyce, a British engineering firm, is
among those interested in doing this, and
the government seems keen. But, at the
moment, this is unproven technology.
In the meantime, edf, the French utili
ty with ultimate responsibility for both
Hinkley Point cand Sizewell c, says that
making construction more predictable
will cut the cost of financing—which at
Hinkley accounted for 60% of the total. In
vestors are more likely to offer capital at
reasonable rates if they believe a plant will
start pumping out electricity on schedule.
Three other plants of the same kind
have already been built, in Finland, France
and China. Ms Williamson has visited all
three, and brought what she learned back
to Britain. At Flamanville in France, for in
stance, the metal casing that shields the
nuclearreactor vessel was assembled out
doors, which meant poorquality welds
and holdups during bad weather. So weld
ers at Hinkley manoeuvre components in
side vast temporary structures, something
like tents crossed with cathedrals, with the
help of the world’s largest crane.
The copypaste process between Hin
kley’s reactors similarly yielded incremen
tal improvements. The average time saved
on each task has been 2030%, says Nigel
Cann of edf. Ms Williamson says she and
her team think of Sizewell c’s two reactors
as “Unit 3 and Unit 4”—not merely identi
cal to those at Hinkley, but a continuation
of the same build. Efficiency gains are
kicking in even before construction starts,
as most of the paperwork is the same. She
hopes for time savings at least as great as
those between the Hinkley reactors.
Just how much money all this will save
is as yet unclear, since financing for Size
well cis still under discussion between
edf and the government. Currently, con
sumers are supposed to foot the bill as
soon as construction starts—an attractive
proposition for investors, since it offloads
the risk of delay. The government is look
ing for ways to enhance energy security by
pushing out Chinese investment, perhaps
by taking a stake in the plant itself. Russia’s
invasion of Ukraine has made reliance on
authoritarian states for energy look even
more untenable, both politically and in
terms of guaranteeing supply.
Regardless of whose money is spent,
Ms Williamson’s efforts are crucial to en
suring that both Hinkley and Sizewell go to
plan, and that consumers pay as little as
possible for Sizewell before the electricity
starts flowing. New nuclear plants are cen
tral to weaning Britain off Russian oil and
gas and reducing carbon emissions. Mak
ing constructionfaster,cheaper and more
predictable will bethedifference between
success and failure.n
H INKLEY POINT, SOMERSET
Driving down the cost of nuclear plants
requires standardising construction
Any colour, so long as it’s black