80 Science & technology The Economist March 26th 2022
find out where the senders are, artillery
strikes may follow.
That implies Ukrainian carelessness.
But another reason Russian forces are de
liberately preserving parts of Ukraine’s
telecommunications is that their own gear
for military communications is scarce or
underperforming.
Pursuing plans band c
On the whole, though, Russia wants to stop
Ukrainians conversing. So, to counter the
loss of power and connectivity thus im
posed, a range of lashups, workarounds
and juryrigs are being prepared.
Some use available materials. Yuri Vla
syuk, boss of iLand, a computer store in
Kyiv, says batteries that power electric ve
hicles are being employed to make power
banks for use during blackouts. However,
electric cars are still uncommon in Uk
raine, so Mr Vlasyuk called some friends in
the Czech Republic and Lithuania to help
out. Eventually, they managed to ship sev
eral hundred electriccar batteries to Kyiv.
If the electricity does go out there, the as
sembled battery packs will power smart
phones and other gear. Mr Vlasyuk says his
gizmos have been distributed across Kyiv
and to soldiers on the front.
An additional approach is to extend a
phone’s range—a handy trick if nearby cell
towers are destroyed. This can be done us
ing commercial devices called signal
boosters, but makeshift rangeextension
antennae also work. These are made with
lengths of coaxial cable and conductive
household materials, “copper wire, Coca
Cola can, empty, this kind of stuff”, says a
retired radiocommunications engineer in
Warsaw who follows wartime juryrigging
of this sort. In the right conditions, such
contraptions can triple a mobile phone’s
range to about 15km, greatly increasing the
number of towers it is able to talk to.
Then there are shortwaveradio hams.
Many of Ukraine’s roughly 15,000 ama
teurs are now manning radios for military
or intelligence units, says Artem Biliy, a
ham operator in Lviv. To assist with this,
Ukraine has temporarily banned conven
tional ham transmissions. But, if needed,
hams could constitute a sort of alternative
internet, Mr Biliy notes. With the use of
modem software, digital data on smart
phones and computers can be converted
into analogue signals for shortwave trans
mission. Using the same software, radio
operators hundreds of kilometres away
can translate the signals into text or imag
es. But this is cumbersome. It takes several
minutes to send a lowresolution photo
from one ham radio to another.
Which is where Elon Musk comes in.
Responding to a plea for help from
Ukraine’s government, Mr Musk, head of
SpaceX, an American rocketry firm, quick
ly provided internet terminals that con
nect to a constellation of satellites called
Starlink. Because Starlink satellites orbit a
mere 550km up, the service is faster than
those that rely on geostationary satellites
nearly 36,000km away.
Early batches of these terminals went to
eastern and central Ukraine. The first ship
ment to the country’s west arrived in Lviv
on March 22nd. Lviv itCluster, a group of
informationtechnology firms that are col
laborating with SpaceX, is speedily distri
buting the terminals. How many there are
is a secret. But Stepan Veselovskyi, Lviv it
Cluster’s head, says there are enough for
hospitals, utilities and rescue services, and
also for “critical” government offices, mili
tary units and businesses. Smartphones
and computers that connect to a Starlink
terminal via WiFi download about 150 me
gabytes of data a second, enough for 12
minutesofvideo.
Toassisttheirwartimeuse,SpaceXhas
tweakedtheterminalstodrawpowerfrom
vehicle cigarettelighter sockets, and has
provided special adapters to that end. It
has also shipped more conventional power
sources, in the form of solar arrays, battery
packs and electricity generators. Starlink is
the closest thing Ukraine will get to a back
up internet. Russian officials are angry.
Dmitry Rogozin, head of Russia’s space
agency, Roscosmos, slammed Starlink as
“the West we should never trust”.
Using Starlink does carry a risk. The ter
minals’ emissions make them bright tar
gets for missiles designed to seek radar
emplacements, says a colonel in Ukraine’s
army. For this reason, he says, troops will
use Starlink only as a backup. Also, though
Starlink is useful, if internet and telecoms
networks were to break down it would be
able to connect only a tiny fraction of
Ukraine’s population. That population
does,however,seemsofarto be making a
prettygoodfistofkeepingthese networks
goingbyothermeans.n
ThewarinUkraine(II)
Loitering with intent
J
avelin anti-tankmissiles supplied to
Ukraine by America are imposing a hea
vy toll on Russian forces. Now, the Ameri
cans are sending a batch of 100 somewhat
different portable weapons—socalled loi
tering munitions. The difference is that,
with a Javelin, you have to choose the tar
get before you launch the missile. With a
loitering munition, you don’t. Rather, you
can fly it to a targetrich environment and
pick out the richest of the lot to attack.
The Javelin, a modern successor to the
Bazooka, weighs 20kg with its launcher
and can hit something up to 4km away.
Switchblade, as the loitering munition in
question is known, is subtler. The version
most likely to be delivered (though no one
will confirm this) weighs but 2.5kg, yet has
a range of 10km. Though it cannot pene
trate tank armour, its grenadesized war
head is effective against unarmoured vehi
cles and groups of troops. That, as Nick
Reynolds, an analyst at rusi, a British de
fence thinktank, observes, means they
can be used in particular against artillery
batteries, whether of guns or rocket
launchers—which are “softer” targets than
tanks. This may be increasingly important
as Ukraine’s cities are subjected to heavy
artillery bombardment.
Like Javelin, Switchblade is launched
from a tube. But rather than being a sleek
rocket capable of travelling supersonically,
it is a miniature aircraft—a drone—with
wings that flip out after launch (hence its
name) and an electric propeller which
drives it forward at a leisurely 100kph for a
flight that can last up to 15 minutes. It is
controlled using a tablet that displays vid
eos from an optical camera and an infrared
thermalimager which are on board the
craft. When the operator spots a target, he
or she locks onto it and the drone acceler
Baguette-sized flying bombs are about to enter service in Ukraine
Seek and destroy