86 Culture The Economist March 26th 2022
R
ecep tayyip erdoganhas had
enough of bad puns that conflate
Turkey, the country he has governed for
two decades, with the ugly bird served
for Thanksgiving and Christmas. Con
vinced that his power extends to the
English language, late last year Mr Erdo
gan decreed that his country would
henceforth be known to the rest of the
world as Türkiye, as it is in Turkish. It
plans to register with the United Nations
under the new name. State institutions
have begun using it already.
Despite the fortune spent on a new
publicity campaign, including videos
aired on Turkish Airlines the world over,
Türkiye is not catching on. At a recent
international forum in Antalya, on the
country’s southern coast, diplomats did
not appear in the least interested in
using the new name (pronounced with a
üsomewhat like the German one and a
“yeah”like ending). Their Turkish coun
terparts occasionally used the old one,
then corrected themselves, then realised
no one really cared. The only people who
stayed on message, at least in public,
were foreigners working for Turkey’s
state propaganda channel, hired as panel
moderators, who took turns garbling
Türkiye. Mr Erdogan’s supporters none
theless rejoice in the idea that foreigners
will be made to call their country by its
authentic name. Critics say the move is a
populist gimmick.
Almost any place’s true name can be a
matter for discussion. Three of Turkey’s
neighbours officially call themselves
Hellas, Sakartvelo and Hayastan—better
known as Greece, Georgia and Armenia
in English. Meanwhile Hindistan, the
name for India in Turkish, can also mean
“the country of turkeys”. There is no
neutral, nonpolitical way to refer to
almost any square of the globe. Most
names annoy somebody.
This is most obvious when a territory
goes from belonging to one state to anoth
er. Westerners were accustomed to re
ferring to cities in Ukraine as Kiev, Khar
kov and Lvov. Some grumble at having to
learn new names for them—Kyiv, Kharkiv
and Lviv. But the old ones were not neu
tral. They were Russian, and after the
country became independent many of its
people wanted the Ukrainian versions to
be used even in English. Outsiders’ deci
sion to use Ukrainian placenames is now
a political declaration of support for
Ukraine’s very right to exist.
A countervailing argument holds that
foreign places have longestablished
English names which it is perfectly nor
mal for Englishspeakers (and publica
tions) to use. Englishspeakers refer to
Italy and Rome, not Italia and Roma, no
matter what locals may say, and this is
generally not controversial. For their part,
Romans refer to Inghilterra and Londra.
Unusually, Italian lobbyists persuaded the
International Olympic Committee to
officially dub the host of the Winter Olym
pics of 2006 “Torino”, a city universally
known in English as Turin. But the com
mittee could not force the change on
others: some media outlets went with
the Italian name, others stuck with the
English equivalent.
Some calls for change involve colo
nial names or spellings that were im
posed by outsiders. Indiawatchers have
had to adjust to Mumbai (once Bombay),
Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai (Madras),
while remembering that institutions like
the Bombay Stock Exchange and the
University of Madras continue to use
their old monikers. Such renamings
often purport to hark back to an un
sullied past, but are really exercises in
nationalist mythmaking. Sometimes
they are inarguable. Citizens of the
Democratic Republic of Congo (once
Zaire) understandably wanted to rename
their capital, Leopoldville, which re
called a Belgian ruler whose name was a
byword for the worst in colonial brutal
ity. It is now Kinshasa.
The trickiest cases involve not out
andout Kinshasastyle renamings
(which are almost always respected), but
requests for Englishspeakers to aban
don a wellestablished English name and
adopt something similar, but closer to
the natives’ own. The Czech Republic has
a oneword name in Czech (Česko), and
so the Czechs have asked for their coun
try to be called Czechia in English. This
has yet to catch on.
Populists and autocrats may think
they can dictate placenames, but no
amount of decrees can force people to
say Türkiye instead of Turkey. And the
greater the attempt to strongarm them
into doing so, the greater the chance they
will stick with the old version out of
stubbornness. As the widespread adop
tion of Kyiv shows, no one likes a bully.
Some reasons for changing place-names are better than others
JohnsonA guide to renamed cities
soons became drugrunners, with a return
trade in Chinese tea, along with Indian cot
ton, shipped to Britain. America’s civil war
also favoured the Sassoons, who sent their
cotton to Lancashire mills cut off from the
plantations of the Confederacy.
The family adopted new technology—
they were early users of the telegraph—and
diversified into shipping and insurance. A
competitor encapsulated the period: “Sil
ver and gold, silks, gums and spices,
opium and cotton, wool and wheat—what
ever moves over sea or land feels the hand
or bears the mark of Sassoon & Co.”
Then, in 1864, the patriarch died and
sibling rivalry set in. One ambitious son,
Elias, set up in competition. Scions drifted
to Britain and bought fine houses. The
Prince of Wales was a friend. Marriage alli
ances were made, including with the Roth
schilds, whom the Sassoons once regarded
as upstarts but carried social cachet.
Moving to Britain sapped the clan’s en
trepreneurial juices. Now conflict hurt
them: a cotton slump after the first world
war was vicious. The Sassoons had one last
fling in the Shanghai of the 1930s, under
Victor, a witty playboy and master of the
Cathay Hotel. (This part of the story is more
fully told in Jonathan Kaufman’s “The Last
Kings of Shanghai”.) But in the end war—
first Japanese aggression, then China’s civ
il war, won by the communists—did for
Victor’s Shanghai venture too.
What remained of the Sassoon empire
was now in the hands of outside execu
tives. The Rothschilds and the Tatas had al
so brought in outsiders, but remained to
supervise them. The Sassoons did not
bother. The last traces of their businessex
pired with the outside directors beingde
clared unfit by the Bank of England.n