90 The Economist March 26th 2022
Obituary Autherine Lucy
F
ridayfebruary3rd 1956 wasoneofthosecoldmistymorn
ings in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Autherine Lucy needed her um
brella, as well as her hat, to walk into her first class at the Universi
ty of Alabama. She had been driven by her best friend, Pollie Anne
Hudson, the 60 miles from Birmingham. Under her raincoat she
was wearing her best heels and a peach dress, a good pastel colour
to be inconspicuous in, because she had no intention of causing a
fuss. All she wanted was to finish her education in the best place in
the state. When she pictured herself among those redbrick Greek
revival buildings, she would think: “Girl, you’ve got great aspira
tions!” But why not? She could blend quietly in and study to be
come a librarian. No one should mind. What was harder to hide
that Friday was that a lawyer had come with her, a university po
liceman was close behind her, and her skin was black.
The law was on her side; in 1954, in Brown v Board of Education,
the Supreme Court had ruled that public schools and colleges
could not discriminate by race. But the deep South had dug in. By
1956 no AfricanAmerican, male or female, had yet been admitted
to any white public school or university in Alabama. She was the
first, arriving just as a bus boycott by black passengers in Montgo
mery was putting the whole state on edge. This was why she was
apprehensive, as she walked on with her handbag dangling clum
sily from her arm. She was the first, and she was the only one.
That had not been the plan. She was meant to enter with Pollie
Anne, who had decided that they should apply to uatogether. Two
young black women graduates would take on the allwhite state
establishment. It sounded like a joke, but Pollie Anne, who was in
the youth chapter of the naacp, was so extrovert and forceful that
Autherine could only go along. In 1952 they both applied and were
accepted, until the dean discovered they were black and they were
unacceptable again.
The whole thing could have ended there, and part of her wished
it had. But the naacptook up their case, as did two topflight law
yers, Arthur Stores (the lawyer in the car with her) and Thurgood
Marshall, who in 1967 became the first black justice on the Su
preme Court. For three years they built a case against ua, which
the Brownruling made unassailable. The university managed to
ban Pollie Anne, because she had been pregnant out of wedlock
when she applied, which was against the rules. It could find no
dirt on Autherine, so it had to let her in.
Her parents deeply disapproved of this campaign. Her father
was a sharecropper, working hard to feed a brood of ten children
by making axe handles and baskets as well as picking cotton. He
told the newspapers that he had raised his youngest daughter to
know better. He himself respected white people, and always went
to the back door; he feared for her safety if she acted otherwise. She
too, an intensely shy, dreamy child who loved reading and always
trailed behind in the cotton fields, was unsure that she wanted to
be part of a national struggle. Even her name bothered her, that
awful “Autherine”. She thought of changing it to Hilda, until some
one told her that was a cow’s name. The naacpdid not seem crazy
about her either, and she overheard remarks that she and Pollie
Anne were not the best or most scholarly candidates to head the
fight. Day after day she prayed about it all, but in the end she decid
ed that going to uawas what she had to do.
So there she was, on that Friday, more than three years after she
had applied to come. The first class was geography. When she went
in, sitting in the centre of the front row with police still hovering
round the door, silence fell. Several students moved away, leaving
her alone in the row. Most just stared, but a few were even friendly.
The most hurtful thing was that she could not eat in the cafeteria
or live in the dormitories with the other female students. She ate
alone, and after classes was driven back to Birmingham.
The second day, too, went pretty well. The nights were a differ
ent story, when male students and bluecollar Tuscaloosans
burned crosses, waved Confederate flags, chanted racist slogans
and attacked black drivers in their cars. On February 6th that mob
was waiting for her when she arrived, hurling eggs and stones and
yelling for her to leave. Huddling down in terror she was driven
from class to class, using the back doors, and in the end took ref
uge in the Bibb Graves Hall, where she stayed for hours. She actu
ally thought she might die there, in the very building—with its
huge library—where she had wanted to study for so long.
She was rescued, but the university now had good safety rea
sons to suspend her. It swiftly did so, and attempts to build a new
case against it backfired so badly that she was expelled. This
looked like the end of her academic career. She was now celebrat
ed as a civilrights pioneer, and for a few months she made
speeches like an activist. But she was tired and disheartened, with
no mind to dwell on hateful things. Besides, her heart was full of
her new husband Hugh Foster, a minister, the growing family they
had together and the need to keep moving from church to church,
so she soon gave up all campaigning. The main legacy of her three
days at uawas the difficulty, now she was famous or rather infa
mous, of getting a teaching job in the South.
In 1988, however, she was invited to give a history lecture there.
A little later, she found that her expulsion had been rescinded. Im
mediately she signed up for the graduate programme in educa
tion, and in 1992 received her master’s degree alongside her stu
dent daughter Grazia, who was graduating. She was given a stand
ing ovation as she walked onstage, looking out this time not on af
fronted stares but on smiles of genuine affection.
There was more. In 2010, a redbrick clock tower on campus; in
2019 an honorary doctorate. This year came an especially sweet
moment, when the Bibb Graves Hall, where she had huddled and
prayed and cried on that longago February day, listening to the
rage outside, was renamed after her. Back then she had had no no
tion who Bibb Graves was. But besides being a twotime governor
of Alabama, he was also a Grand Cyclops of the Ku Klux Klan. n
The girl who loved reading
Autherine Juanita Foster (née Lucy), a shy pioneer of
desegregation, died on March 2nd, aged 92