Biology Now, 2e

Preface ■ xxv

Engaging, data-driven infographics appear in every chapter. Topics range

from global renewable energy consumption (Chapter 5) to genetic diseases

affecting Americans (Chapter 8) and many more. The infographics expose

students to scientific data in an engaging way.

All proportions are by mass except Earth’s atmosphere, which is by volume

Everything in the universe is composed of matter—from

ordinary matter, made of atoms, to dark matter, which may consist of unknown types of particles. Here, we stick with

what we know and describe the common elements that compose the world around us.

What’s It All

Made Of?

Earth’s Crust

46% Oxygen

28% Silicon

8% Aluminum

5% Iron

4% Calcium

3% Sodium

2% Potassium

2% Magnesium

2% Other Elements

The Human Body

65% Oxygen

18% Carbon

10% Hydrogen

3% Nitrogen

2% Calcium

1% Phosphorus

1% Other Elements

Earth’s Atmosphere

78% Nitrogen

21% Oxygen

<1% Argon

<<1% Other Elements

The Universe

75% Hydrogen

23% Helium

2% Other Elements

Assessment available in

The genome editing tpalindromic repeats,” has takool CRISPR, short fen molecular biology laboraor “clustered regularly intories by stterspaced short orm over

the past 5 ylivestock to improears. It has been used tve breeding and production, to edit the genomes of crops and o control populations of

disease-carrying insectmore. Here are a few highlights from the short but shining hists, to silence genetic disorders in animal models, and ory of CRISPR.

The Meteoric

Rise of CRISPR

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CRISPR

PubMed search results for “CRISPR” by year

2,143

Search results article count 1,258

607

282

32 45 79 126

1 1 0 5 6 12 21

20022003 200420052006200720082009 20102011201220132014 20152016

The tcoined berm “CRISPR” is y researchers

in Spain and the Netherlands.

for the genome editing systemThe final necessary piece

small RNA needed tis identified: a secondo guide

Cas9 to its targets.

In China, scienCRISPR-Cas9 ttisto edit s use

preimplanrepairing a mutatation human embryted gene that os,

wSubsequently, an internationalould cause a blood disorder.

ban prohibits the use of genomeediting to make changes to the

human genome.

CRISPR repeafirst observts are ed in

bactTheir significance erial genomes.

is not yet known.

that CRISPR functionsResearchers propose

in nature as part of abacterial adaptive

immune system.

systThe CRISPRem is used t-Cas9 o edit

human and mouse cells, targeted genes in both

and later plant cells.

The first human trial tuse CRISPR genome editing o

getNational Instituts approval from the es of

Health, in a cancer therapy trial to edit a

pasytienstem cells.t’s own immune

2002 2011 2015

1987 2006 2013 2016

Dog (rabies)

25,000

Ascaris roundworm

2,500

Tapeworm

2,000

Crocodile

1,000

Hippopotamus

500

Lion

100

Elephant

100

Shark

10

Wolf

10

Freshwater snail(schistosomiasis)

10,000

Assassin bug(Chagas disease)

10,000

Tsetse fly(sleeping sickness)

10,000

Snake

50,000

Human

475,000

Mosquito

725,000

You may have heard that humans are the deadliest animals on the planet. It’s true that we, as a species, kill hundreds of

thousands of humans. But there’s one family of animals that has us beat: mosquitoes. Many species of these small, pesky

insects transmit harmful infections, including Zika fever,

malaria, West Nile disease, dengue fever, and many more.

[These 15 deadliest animals are ranked in order of the average number of deaths they are responsible for in a year, both directly and through the diseases they transmit.]

Assessment available in

World’s

Deadliest Animals

Wabhneon trmhae cl ceells dll cyivicle sde ipn a firals oreunzt oy af cnod cntarn iol, cnvaancede or ethmeer rges:

tissues. There are more than 1 0 0 types of cancer, but some

athre man ootrhe persre, because of tvalent than ohtehier lrso. Acantid son ion tme ahe bodre my oore dr heoaw dy l

quickly the cells divide. New treatments, screening

procedures, and vaccines can reduce these rates.

Cancer’s Big 1 0

Assessment available in

Male

Lung and bronchus 53.9

Prostate 19.2

Liv bile duct er and interhepa9.5tic

Colon and rectum 17.3

Leukemias 9.1

Pancreas 12.4

Urinary bladder 7.7

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 7.4

Esophagus 7.1

Kidney and renal pelvis 5.6

Male

Female

Lung and bronchus 69.8

Melanomas of the skin 26.6

Colon and rectum 44.2

Urinary bladder 34.9

Prostate 101.6

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 22.4

Kidney and renal pelvis 21.7

Oral cavity and pharynx Leukemias 16.917.4

Pancreas 14.1

Female

Thyroid 21.6

Colon and rectum 33.6

Corpus and uterus 25.9

Female breast 123.7

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 15.4

Kidney and renal pelvis 11.2

Ovary 11.2Pancreas 10.9

Lung and bronchus 35.4

Female breast 20.7

Ovary 7.2

Colon and rectum 12.1

Leukemias 5.0

Pancreas 9.4

Corpus and uterus 4.6

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.4

Liver and interhepatic bile duct 3.8

Brain and other nervous system 3.6

Lung and bronchus 51.5

Melanomas of the skin 16.3

Top 10 cancer sites

by rate of incidence

Incidence rates per 100,000

Top 10 cancer deaths

by rate of incidence

Incidence rates per 100,000